On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the title Lord Protector, but internal divisions among the republican party lead to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament.

Amidst intrigue in the Afghan court, and political and civil unrest in India, he sought to divert attention from the internal divisions of Afghanistan and unite all faction behind him by attacking the British.

Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s, 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians, feminine gay men, transgendered people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.

Behind the scenes, however, Menzies ' retirement had created a power vacuum in the party, and internal divisions soon emerged.

The Albanians, because of the higher degree of Islamic influence, their internal social divisions, and the fear that they would lose their Albanian-populated lands to the emerging Balkan states — Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece — were the last of the Balkan peoples to desire division from the Ottoman Empire.

Besides the barbarian threat from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused troubles.

The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential.

Unlike most of the other divisions, Sonic Team still retains its internal structure and name.

The party also experienced a number of internal divisions, with prominent Sandinistas such as Ernesto Cardenal and Sergio Ramírez resigning to protest what they described as heavy-handed domination of the party by Daniel Ortega.

The Republicans, despite internal divisions, dominated the First Party System until partisanship itself withered away during the Era of Good Feelings after 1816.

For instance, the Danish Vikings were aware of the internal divisions within Charlemagne's empire that began in the 830s and resulted in schism.

England suffered from internal divisions, and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers.

British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective French and Indian offense.

Although Otto II had succeeded peacefully to the throne, internal divisions of power still remanded unaddressed.

These territorial divisions clearly did not follow any historical or traditional internal divisions ; they were simply artificial administrative lines.

Amidst internal divisions, FIFA's secretary-general Blatter's deputy and former protégé Michel Zen-Ruffinen drew up a 30-page dossier outlining allegations of financial mismanagement within the organisation.

This concession, together with the Whig Party's internal divisions and the difficulties faced by the nation's economy, allowed the Tories under Sir Robert Peel to make gains in the elections of 1835 and 1837, and to retake the House of Commons in 1841.

Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done.

The cell walls of the ascomycetes almost always contain chitin and β-glucans, and divisions within the hyphae, called " septa ", are the internal boundaries of individual cells ( or compartments ).

Most internal divisions within the party concern the party's political position ( neither right nor left, or left-wing ) and electoral strategy ( alliance with the PS, the centre or the alternative left ).

In the second round of a campaign that laid bare the deep internal divisions of the Parliamentary Labour Party, Michael Foot narrowly beat Denis Healey to succeed Callaghan as leader.

Though mainly intended for internal security, NKVD divisions were sometimes used in the front-lines, for example during the breakthrough in Crimea.

However, internal divisions in the process of electing a presidential candidate damaged the party's image.

If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two, one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke.

In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot-like internal mechanics.

The first years of his reign were marked instead by internal disturbances between Afonso and his brothers and sisters.

Theosophists believe the civilization of Atlantis reached its peak between 1, 000, 000 and 900, 000 years ago but destroyed itself through internal warfare brought about by the inhabitants ' dangerous use of magical powers.

In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes, terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids, with pK < sub > a </ sub > values ( 25 ) between that of ammonia ( 35 ) and ethanol ( 16 ).

The 5200 was based on Atari Inc .' s existing 400 / 800 computers and the internal hardware was almost identical, although software was not directly compatible between the two systems.

In aerodynamics, air is normally assumed to be a Newtonian fluid, which posits a linear relationship between the shear stress ( the internal friction forces ) and the rate of strain of the fluid.

It is assumed that internal interaction forces obey Newton's third law of motion in its strong form, that is, that the forces between particles are equal and opposite and act along the line between the particles.

Croatia is asking that the islands be returned because of the Badinter Arbitration Committee decision from 1991 that all internal borders between Yugoslav republics have become international.

At the time, Skinner's behaviorist paradigm dominated psychology: Most psychologists focused on functional relations between stimulus and response, without positing internal representations.

Surface forces or contact forces, expressed as force per unit area, can act either on the bounding surface of the body, as a result of mechanical contact with other bodies, or on imaginary internal surfaces that bound portions of the body, as a result of the mechanical interaction between the parts of the body to either side of the surface ( Euler-Cauchy's stress principle ).

Any differential area with normal vector of a given internal surface area, bounding a portion of the body, experiences a contact force arising from the contact between both portions of the body on each side of, and it is given by

Saying that body forces are due to outside sources implies that the interaction between different parts of the body ( internal forces ) are manifested through the contact forces alone.

The idea of a clade did not exist in pre-Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy, which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms – although as it happens, many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus ' original Systema Naturae ( notably among the vertebrate groups ) do represent clades.

Beria, an ethnic Georgian, was the Presidium member for internal security affairs, and he was a strong supporter for minority rights and even supported reuniting East and West Germany to establish a strong, and neutral Germany between the capitalist and socialist nations.

In summary, the conceptual is a level of indirection between internal and external.

It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i. e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence.

Other scholars have suggested that Hebrews is part of an internal New Testament debate between the extreme Judaizers ( who argued that non-Jews must convert to Judaism before they can receive the Holy Spirit of Jesus ' Jewish covenant ) versus the extreme Antinomians ( who argued that Jews must reject God's commandments and that Jewish law was no longer in effect ).

It is a constitutive equation which provides a mathematical relationship between two or more state functions associated with the matter, such as its temperature, pressure, volume, or internal energy.

Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

In support of Hitler's strategy of rapproachment of the Soviet Union in 1939, Mussolini in September 1939 informed fellow Fascist official Giuseppe Bottai that the internal differences between fascism and Bolshevism had grown less acute over time and noted that both fascism and Bolshevism held common contempt of the " demo-plutocratic capitalism of the western powers ".

Fatah's internal conflicts have also, due to the creation of the Palestinian Authority, merged with the turf wars between different PA security services, e. g., a longstanding rivalry between the West Bank ( Jibril Rajoub ) and Gaza ( Muhammad Dahlan ) branches of the powerful Preventive Security Service.