An associated British invention, intended to provide more precise optical guidance to aircraft on final approaching the deck, was the Fresnel lens optical landing aid.

Histories of photography usually credit Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer with the invention of the photographic telephoto lens in 1891, though it was independently invented by others about the same time ; some credit his father John Henry Dallmeyer in 1860.

was sufficiently strong, thin, and pliable to permit the intermittent movement of the film strip behind camera lens at considerable speed and under great tension without tearing ... stimulat the almost immediate solution of the essential problems of cinematic invention.

The lens and the properties of refracting and reflecting light had been known since antiquity and theory on how they worked were developed by ancient Greek philosophers, preserved and expanded on in the medieval Islamic world, and had reached a significantly advanced state by the time of the telescope's invention in early modern Europe.

But the most significant step cited in the invention of the telescope was the development of lens manufacture for spectacles, first in Venice and Florence in the thirteenth century, and later in the spectacle making centers in both the Netherlands and Germany.

Brewster's contribution was the suggestion to use lenses for uniting the dissimilar pictures in 1849 ; and accordingly the lenticular stereoscope ( lens based ) may fairly be said to be his invention.

In 1934, he patented his invention ( patent No. 436, 290 and 457, 536 ), based on the 1927 reflecting lens patent of Richard Hollins Murray.

The demonstration of his eventual solution consisted of a lens mounted in a small, empty tomato purée can, an internal device which is the principle of the invention, and a piece of film fixed inside the can.

He is particularly credited with the invention of the triple achromatic lens in 1763, still in wide use today, though known as the Cooke triplet after a much later 1893 patent.

In the early days of cinema, before the invention of the proper lighting systems, night scenes were filmed " day-for-night "-- that is, they were filmed during the day, and the film was " corrected ", either with a polarized lens on the movie camera, or via a variety of post-production techniques.

Not much of him is known besides the fact that in October 1608, the States General discussed his patent application for an optical telescope of his own invention described as a device for " seeing faraway things as though nearby ", consisting of a convex and concave lens in a tube, and the combination magnified three or four times.

In that case, the patent holder sold lens blanks which had to be grinded into the patented invention.

ground and polished as the finished lens of the patent .” The Court noted that the grinding process was standard and not central to the patents, indicating further that the lens blanks constituted a material part of the patented invention and all but completely practiced the patent.

Hubbardston is home to the invention of the first backhoe swing frame developed in July 1947 by Vaino J. Holopainen ( pronounced “ Waino ”) and Roy E. Handy, Jr., ( thus the company name “ Wain-Roy ”) and assigned to Wain-Roy Corporation of Hubbardston, MA.

Ancient Greek innovations were particularly pronounced in mechanical technology, including the ground-breaking invention of the watermill which constituted the first human-devised motive force not to rely on muscle labour ( besides the sail ).

Fluid-film thrust bearings were invented by Australian engineer George Michell ( pronounced Mitchell ) who patented his invention in 1905.

Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, which was first patented in America in 1810 and then mass produced by 1860, although mass production began in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham.

Joshua Shaw then made the transition to their use in metallic encapsulations, to form a percussion cap, but did not patent his invention until 1822.

The basic significance of this invention helped them to follow it rapidly in 1855 by the development of a unique precision gear cutting and dividing engine.

During the Civil War period Mr. Brown also invented the Brown & Sharpe formed tooth gear cutter, a basic invention which ultimately revolutionized the world's gear manufacturing industry by changing its basic economics.

Mr. Brown's invention achieved this and, as a byproduct, formed the cornerstone of Brown & Sharpe's position of leadership in the gear making equipment field which lasted until the 1920's when superceded by other methods.

Thus, 1745 corresponded to the invention of the `` Leiden '' jar by Kleist, 1764 that of the electrophorus by Wilcke, 1782 produced the condenser of Volta, and 1801 the voltaic pile.

She did not go so far as to say, as was done on other occasions, that Abstraction as well as Impressionism were a Russian invention that had been discarded as unwanted by the people of the U.S.S.R.

The concept and theory of Kolmogorov Complexity is based on a crucial theorem first discovered by Ray Solomonoff, who published it in 1960, describing it in " A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference " as part of his invention of algorithmic probability.

Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention, but it has been claimed that in regard to gender democracy generalised a harsher set of values derived, again, from the common people.

The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century.

His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.

Parkinson challenges the argument from moral objectivity by arguing that, for the argument to be successful, it must be shown that morality is objective and commanded by God, rather than just a human invention.

The innovative aspect of the invention of the bow and arrow was the amount of power delivered to an extremely small area by the arrow.

Thus it was the Aeginetans who, within 30 or 40 years of the invention of coinage in Asia Minor by the Ionian Greeks or the Lydians ( c. 630 BC ), introduced coinage to the Western world.

This was achieved with the invention of the dimensionless Reynolds number by Osborne Reynolds.

It is unclear whether the word dates back to the 5th century and was used by the kings themselves, or whether it is a later, 9th-century, invention.

In parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires, which actually preceded, and in many urban areas outnumbered, the conventional engine powered bus.

Another invention in the late Middle Ages was the use of Greek fire by the Byzantines, which was used to set enemy fleets on fire.

Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement of the scroll, the dominant form of book in the ancient world, has been termed the most important advance in the history of the book prior to the invention of printing.

Cavalry tactics in China were enhanced by the invention of the saddle-attached stirrup by at least the 4th century, as the oldest reliable depiction of a rider with paired stirrups was found in a Jin Dynasty tomb of the year 322 AD.

The Chinese invention of the horse collar by the 5th century was also a great improvement from the breast harness, allowing the horse to haul greater weight without heavy burden on its skeletal structure.

After the 1690 invention of the vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke, physicists began to experiment with passing high voltage electricity through rarefied air.

The technology of manipulating electron beams pioneered in these early tubes was applied practically in the design of vacuum tubes, particularly in the invention of the cathode ray tube by Ferdinand Braun in 1897. and is today employed in sophisticated devices such as electron microscopes, electron beam lithography, and particle accelerators.

1st century BC ), described the invention of a mechanical arrow firing catapult ( katapeltikon ) by a Greek task force in 399 BC.

Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini, who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero, completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ ( before Jesus Christ or BC ), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ ( after Jesus Christ or AD ).

In 1880, the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50, 000 francs ( approximately US $ 10, 000 at that time, about $ in current dollars ) for the invention of the telephone, which he used to found the Volta Laboratory, along with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.

The separation of Crux from Centaurus is generally attributed to the French astronomer Augustin Royer in 1679, but other historians attribute the invention of Crux to Petrus Plancius in 1613.

Most of them had evidently been based on unsourced rumours relayed as fact by much later commentators, such as Jaubert ( 1656 ), Guynaud ( 1693 ) and Bareste ( 1840 ), on modern misunderstandings of the 16th century French texts, or on pure invention.

Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the public domain free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific credit for priority of conception.

After having travelled to England and discovered William James ' invention, the French physician Manuel Théodore Guillaumet, from Argentan ( Normandy ), patented in 1838 the oldest known regulator mechanism.

Ohgushi's invention was soon forgotten, but the Fernez-Le Prieur apparatus was mass produced during the 1930s and adopted as a standard by the French Navy.

During the 1930s French pioneers Philippe Tailliez and Jacques-Yves Cousteau used and widely tested the Le Prieur apparatus before Émile Gagnan and Cousteau worked together on the invention of the modern regulator in 1943.

* May 25, 1827 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.

* May 25 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.

The story of his excommunication, and the unlikely detail that he was poisoned, were probably an invention of the Old French continuators.

A French chemist claimed the prize with the invention of margarine in 1869.

") Considering " Mrs Dubois "' s French last name, it is likelier that she carried an invention from her native country to England, and developed it there.

In the early fifteenth century, however, the Koreans invented a form of movable type that has been described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as ' similar to Gutenberg's '; the Western invention may have been stimulated by what had happened in the East.

However, the basic idea of the point system – to generate different type sizes by multiplying a single minimum unit calculated by dividing a base measurement unit such as one French Royal inch – was not Didot ’ s invention, but Fournier ’ s .< ref group =" note ">

In 1878, after the invention of the electrical telegraph and then the invention of the phone, the French State created a Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs.

* 1924: De Corlieu leaves the French Navy to fully devote himself to his invention.

The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge on May 25, 1827.

Things become complicated when she begins impersonating a French dancer, not realizing that the dancer is the invention of a gossip columnist ( Jack Benny ).

Denis Papin ( 22 August 1647-c. 1712 ) was a French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the steam engine and of the pressure cooker.

French government pensioned him to set his invention free to the world ( even when William Fox Talbot was selling illegal licenses to British photographers where it was used instead of the Daguerreotype ).

On September 26, 1854 Ericsson presented Napoleon III of France with drawings of iron-clad armored battle ships with a dome-shaped gun tower, and even though the French emperor praised this invention, he did nothing to bring it to practical application.

In the 17th century, following the invention of the pendulum clock, French scientists found that clocks sent to French Guiana, on the northern coast of South America, ran slower than their exact counterparts in Paris.