In order to carry out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, conducted valuable research on the structural properties of cast iron, definitively establishing the modulus of elasticity applicable to compound castings.

It was built using cast iron girders, each of which was made of three very large castings dovetailed together.

An adjacent foundry produced castings and chilled iron wheels.

Since 1933, The Quality Castings Company is headquartered in Orrville and produces gray and ductile iron castings.

It is difficult to cool thick castings fast enough to solidify the melt as white cast iron all the way through.

High-chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings ( for example, a 10-tonne impeller ) to be sand cast, i. e., a high cooling rate is not required, as well as providing impressive abrasion resistance.

Chilled iron castings: this is a good choice for high volume production.

When making chilled iron castings, other elements are added to the iron before casting to make the material more suitable for its application.

The exhibits for Haematite pig iron, ' Bessemer ' steel ingots ( produced by the Bessemer process ), castings, railway tracks and plates all won gold medals.

He completed his research in 1826, and won an award (" Premium No. 4 ") from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia two years later, who noted that Boyden's annealed cast iron specimen No. 363, containing an assortment of buckles, bits, and other castings, were " remarkable for their smoothness and maleability " and " the first attempt in this country to anneal cast iron for general purposes.

In the mid 19th century the works produced 20, 000 tons of iron castings per year, 2. 5 millions by 1905.

During its long existence the works produced huge quantities of a variety of products including pig iron, tunnel castings, ( used in projects such as the London Underground ), pipes and street furniture as well as bitumen, roadstone, chemicals and munition casings.

The foundry mainly supplies malleable iron castings to the automotive industry.

Early products included cast iron and steel farm implements, castings for furniture factories, and ornamental iron pieces including cemetery crosses and settees.

The range of application of MAGMA solutions comprises all cast alloys, from cast iron to aluminum sand casting, permanent mold and die casting up to large steel castings.

The grey iron castings were made in Birmingham entirely from locally-produced iron.

Wall boxes are normally made of cast iron and are fabricated in two large castings with a third casting for the door.

* Condition of material ( mill scale, hard spots due to white cast iron forming in castings )

Additionally, the company operates a gray and ductile iron foundry producing up to 300 tons per day of captive and commercial castings for the heavy equipment, valve and machine tool markets.

• The plant “ AVTOTSVETLIT ” is the only plant in Ukraine, that produces 5 types of complex castings ( steel, including stainless steel, cast iron ( grey and ductile iron ), magnesium, aluminum ); produces shock absorbers for VAZ,

Opposite every gate was a hitching post or a stone carriage-step, set with a rusty iron ring for tying a horse.

Pass the iron rations, please, and light another candle, for it's getting dark down here and we're minded to read a bit of world law just to pass the time away.

We send shovels, cement, nails, and corrugated iron for roofs.

The identification of the basic unit of religious organization -- the parish or congregation -- with a residential area is self-defeating in a modern metropolis, for it simply means the closing of an iron trap on the outreach of the Christian fellowship and the transmutation of mission to co-optation.

Implements of wood and iron are available for close and hasty combat no matter where a man stands.

Pennsylvania iron interests were reassured by his support for protective tariffs.

Meteoric iron was very rare and valuable, and difficult for ancient people to work.

Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people.

While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze.

This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous.

It was a controversial design at the time for the bold forms of the undulating stone facade and wrought iron decoration of the balconies and windows, designed largely by Josep Maria Jujol, who also created some of the plaster ceilings.

The basic design remained unchanged for centuries, with the most significant changes being to the overall proportions, and a move from wooden stocks to those of iron.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

In the 19th century and up to the 1930s, the city was important for the production of railway locomotives and carriages, iron, pins, needles, buttons, tobacco, woollen goods, and silk goods.

Many bacteria, however, possess mechanisms ( such as siderophores ) for scavenging iron within environmental niches in the human body, and experimental developments of iron chelators, therefore, aim to reduce iron availability specifically to bacterial pathogens.

Reinvesting his returns in such inside investments in railroad-related industries: ( iron, bridges, and rails ), Carnegie slowly accumulated capital, the basis for his later success.

The demand for iron products, such as armor for gunboats, cannon, and shells, as well as a hundred other industrial products, made Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Additionally, a previous owner removed and sold for scrap the 3 cast iron discharge pipes that previously allowed a controlled release of water.

Soldiers in the American Civil War bought iron and steel vests from peddlers ( both sides had considered but rejected body armour for standard issue ).

Such a coating can protect an iron structure for a few decades, but once the protecting coating is consumed, the iron rapidly corrodes.

Today, pig iron is typically poured directly out of the bottom of the blast furnace through a trough into a ladle car for transfer to the steel mill in mostly liquid form ; in this state, the pig iron is referred to as hot metal.

It consists of a cast iron trough supported above the river on iron arched ribs carried on nineteen hollow masonry piers ( pillars ).

Despite considerable public scepticism, Telford was confident the construction method would work: he had previously built at least one cast iron trough aqueduct – the Longdon-on-Tern aqueduct on the Shrewsbury Canal, still visible in the middle of a field, though the canal was abandoned years ago.

The trough was made from flanged plates of cast iron, bolted together, with the joints bedded with Welsh flannel and a mixture of white lead and iron particles from boring waste.

The trough of the Cosgrove aqueduct has a similar structure, although it rests on trestles rather than iron arches.

The aqueduct failed in 1808, and was replaced by an iron one in 1811, the iron trough design sharing a similar structure to the aqueduct at Longdon-on-Tern and the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct built by Thomas Telford.

A breakthrough came in 1883 when John Michael applied enamel to a cast iron horse trough to create the company's first bathtub.

Fairbairn himself developed wrought iron trough bridges which used some of the ideas he had developed in the tubular bridge.

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is an iron trough on tall stone piers.

Unlike the nearby Chirk Aqueduct and Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, which have a cast iron trough, the Vyrnwy Aqueduct is built of stone and is puddled.

These would have replaced the stone construction of Marple Aqueduct by a somewhat flimsy cast iron trough.

It possesses a cast iron trough within which the water is contained.

Instead, it was rebuilt using a cast iron trough cast in sections at Reynolds ' Ketley ironworks and bolted together in 1796.

This successful use of an iron trough to contain the water of a navigable aqueduct casts the Tern aqueduct in the role of Telford's prototype for the much longer Pontcysyllte Aqueduct on the Llangollen Canal, where he mounted the iron trough on high masonry arches.