* In France and some countries organized in the same fashion, the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first.

In America, it is understood that juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices in the Supreme Court case Sparf et al.

The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults.

In June, 1998, California passed Proposition 220, which allowed the judges in each county to determine if the county should have only one trial court.

This new specialised tribunal, composed of seven judges, will hear and determine at first instance disputes involving the European Civil Service.

They are the judges who determine the winners in rap battles on stage.

Scoring is more similar to fencing where fighters are separated after solid clean hits are made ( observed by multiple judges stationed at different positions to be able to observe if the hits were clean and unblocked and able to determine the strength of the strike by the loudness of the impact ).

Thrusts to the body score points but are harder to present to judges for scoring because they make less noise and it is difficult to determine impact.

The judges have a photo-finish camera to help them determine the order of finish if needed.

:* While the provinces have the power to create criminal courts, only the federal government has the power to determine criminal procedure and to appoint those courts ' judges.

Eyewitness testimonies are an integral aspect in the criminal court system as judges and juries depend on them as evidence to determine a verdict.

In the final interview, all four finalists will answer one environmental question, the candidates will be assessed based on the judges over-all impression on the candidate to determine the final ranking.

If no infringements occur, the result is decided by a judge or judges on the waterside who determine the finish order of the crews.

If judged non-electrically, a jury of four judges ( two for each fencer ) will determine the validity of the touch with the referee also acting as tie-breaking judge ( or overruling a judge if one of the two abstains ).

In England, there was no clear common law definition of treason ; it was for the king and his judges to determine if an offence constituted treason.

The total scores over the course of the tournament ( including the semifinal and final rounds, which have more judges than the earlier rounds ) determine the national qualifiers from the final round.

# The judges shall determine controversies without a jury.

When the judges could not determine the first horse over the finish line, the heat was declared " dead ," and did not count.

Author Shanna Compton used Pokémon Snap as an example of a video game that required players to produce photographs for judges to determine their quality.

In explaining to juries the test which they should apply to determine whether the negligence, in the particular case, amounted or did not amount to a crime, judges have used many epithets, such as ‘ culpable ’, ‘ criminal ’, ‘ gross ’, ‘ wicked ’, ‘ clear ’, ‘ complete ’.

Although the provinces pay for these courts and determine their jurisdiction and procedural rules, the federal government appoints and pays their judges.

In May 1254, during his stay among the Mongols, William entered into a famous competition at the Mongol court, as the khan encouraged a formal debate between the Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims, to determine which faith was correct, as determined by three judges, one from each faith.

Starting in the 1670s, Louis XIV established the so-called " Chambers of Reunion ", courts in which judges would determine whether certain Habsburg territories belonged rightfully to France.

The Guam Bar Association conducted an internal survey to determine feelings towards the two judges running for retention.

The result is decided when an opponent is deemed incapable to continue by a referee, is disqualified for breaking a rule, resigns by throwing in a towel, or is pronounced the winner or loser based on the judges ' scorecards at the end of the contest.

Three previous judges of the award, Malcolm Bradbury, David Holloway and W. L. Webb, met and chose Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ( the 1981 winner ) as " the best novel out of all the winners.

A split decision indicates a disagreement between the judges, while a unanimous decision indicates that all judges saw the fight the same way and all have declared the same winner.

Round decisions can also be determined by time over ( if a timer is present ), which judges players based on remaining vitality to declare a winner.

In the discus, after American Martin Sheridan had thrown exactly the same distance as his compatriot, Ralph Rose ( 39. 28 m ), the judges gave them both an extra throw to decide the winner.

The winner is chosen by a group of judges.

Each winner of the 1986 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1985 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1984 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1983 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1982 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1981 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1980 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1960 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1961 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1962 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1979 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1963 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1964 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1965 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1966 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1967 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.

Each winner of the 1968 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.