The legal system could be inconsistent, and, at times, arbitrary, because the emperor ruled by decree and had final say on all judicial outcomes.

The political and judicial reforms Amānullāh proposed were equally radical for the time and included the creation of Afghanistan's first constitution ( in 1923 ), the guarantee of civil rights ( first by decree and later constitutionally ), national registration and identity cards for the citizenry, the establishment of a legislative assembly, a court system to enforce new secular penal, civil, and commercial codes, prohibition of blood money, and abolition of subsidies and privileges for tribal chiefs and the royal family.

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 made extensive revisions to the " Title II " provisions regarding common carriers and repealed the judicial 1982 AT & T consent decree ( often referred to as the " modification of final judgment " or " MFJ ") that effectuated the breakup of AT & T's Bell System.

The official épuration légale began following a June 1944 decree that established a three-tier system of judicial courts ; a High Court of Justice, which dealt with Vichy ministers and officials ; Courts of Justice for other serious cases of collaboration ; and regular Civic Courts for lesser cases of collaboration.

The only judicial decree available was judicial separation which left the parties married but physically separated.

It may be done by agreement, through a property settlement, or by judicial decree.

More popular than ever, a greatly strengthened Mosaddegh convinced parliament to grant him emergency powers for six months " to decree any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial, and educational reforms ".

Although he had impeached the turbulent tribune Gaius Norbanus, and resisted the proposal to repeal judicial sentences by popular decree, he did not hesitate to incur the displeasure of the Julian family by opposing the candidature for the consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, who had never been praetor and was consequently ineligible.

Louis I of Hungary ( 1342 – 1382 ) issued a royal decree in 1366 which prescribed firm judicial measures against " the malefactors of any nation, especially Romanians ".

Under the terms of a judicial consent decree, Nashville State must carefully tailor its offerings so as not to be in direct competition for students with Tennessee State University, a historically black university also located in Nashville, which has been ordered by federal court to achieve a higher degree of racial integration.

The other way to explain what has happened since Brown often has political liberals as its proponents ; it argues that the Court's decree in Brown II was insufficiently rigorous to force segregated localities into action, and that real success began only after the other two branches of the federal government got involved — the Executive Branch ( under Kennedy and Johnson ) by encouraging the Department of Justice to pursue judicial remedies against resistant school districts, and Congress by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

A consent decree ( also referred to as a consent order or stipulated judgment or agreed judgment ) is a final, binding judicial decree or judgment memorializing a voluntary agreement between parties to a suit in return for withdrawal of a criminal charge or an end to a civil litigation.

The duties of a Landvogt included collecting taxes, implementing administrative measures, judicial and police tasks and the power of military decree ; in addition, they were also responsible for the upkeep of the castle.

The fact that only a tiny minority of those sentenced were shot probably resulted from a general unwillingness by judicial and security personnel to implement as originally intended what was widely seen as an impractical and barbaric decree.

Although the marriage ended, she was unable to obtain a talaaq ( divorce decree ) from her husband via the local Muslim judicial council who do not have the authority to do so as most Imams are not registered marriage officers, nor was she able to re-marry.

The district was created by judicial decree in August 1954.

: Every person who under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, Suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable.

This decision made Connecticut the third state ( along with Massachusetts and California ) to legalize same-sex marriage through judicial decree of the state supreme court.

Finally an imperial decree on July 7, 1858 guaranteed them privileges in religious, judicial and financial matters.

Dominating its case load are petitions seeking the issuance of a decree of nullity, although it has jurisdiction to hear any other type of judicial and non-administrative case in any area of canon law.

A judicial decree was made by Governor José Figueroa which was intended to settle the land dispute between the Domínguez and Sepúlveda families.

This was where the internal / external divide doctrine was first expressed, probably due to judicial reluctance to hospitalise someone for a condition that could be cured by a sugar lump.

His level of detail in explaining what he observed in all his cases laid down the fundamentals for modern forensic entomologists and is the first recorded account in history of someone using forensic entomology for judicial means.

Although bigamy no longer exists as a lone figure in the Colombian judicial code marrying someone new without dissolving an earlier marriage may yield to other felonies such as civil status forgery or suppression of information.

A requirement to order the " preventive detention " of someone who has not been charged with any criminal offence was found " incompatible " with the exercise of Federal judicial power.

Thornton represents three aspects of power and the authority of the ruling class: a manufacturer respected by his peers ( economic power ), a magistrate ( judicial ), and someone able to summon the army ( political power ) to quell the strike ( Stoneman, 1987, pp. 124 – 126 ).

The United States Congress, in the Ratification Act of 1929, provided that until the Congress shall provide for the Government of the islands of American Samoa all civil, judicial, and military powers shall be vested in such person or persons and exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct.

While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a court of general jurisdiction under some principle of judicial review based upon due process ( United States ) or fundamental justice ( Canada ).

The scope of judicial review may be limited to certain questions of fairness, or whether the administrative action is ultra vires.

If administrative appeal is available, no appeal to the judicial system may be made.

* Revised Code of Washington 9. 12. 010: " Every person who brings on his or her own behalf, or instigates, incites, or encourages another to bring, any false suit at law or in equity in any court of this state, with intent thereby to distress or harass a defendant in the suit, or who serves or sends any paper or document purporting to be or resembling a judicial process, that is not in fact a judicial process, is guilty of a misdemeanor ; and in case the person offending is an attorney, he or she may, in addition thereto be disbarred from practicing law within this state.

Ultra vires gives a legal justification for the forced cessation of such action, which might be enforced by the people with the support of a decision of the judiciary, in a case of judicial review.

This is the reason that judicial opinions are usually quite long, and give rationales and policies that can be balanced with judgment in future cases, rather than the bright-line rules usually embodied in statutes.

To consider but one example, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution states " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof "— but interpretation ( that is, determining the fine boundaries, and resolving the tension between the " establishment " and " free exercise " clauses ) of each of the important terms was delegated by Article III of the Constitution to the judicial branch, so that the current legal boundaries of the Constitutional text can only be determined by consulting the common law.

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority ..." The first famous statement of " the judicial power " was Marbury v. Madison,.

This can be observed in the complexity even at the administrative and judicial level in the jurisdictional conflicts that fill medieval history.

However, existing law requires judicial approval of all class action settlements, and in most cases class members are given a chance to opt out of class settlement, though class members, despite opt-out notices, may be unaware of their right to opt out because they did not receive the notice, did not read it, or did not understand it.

Coupon settlements may be scrutinized by an independent expert before judicial approval in order to ensure that the settlement will be of value to the class members ( 28 U. S. C. A.

Legislation in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia expressly or by judicial opinion have been read to allow for what are informally known as national " opt-out " class actions, whereby residents of other provinces may be included in the class definition and potentially be bound by the court's judgment on common issues unless they opt-out in a prescribed manner and time.

Recent judicial opinions have indicated that provincial legislative national opt-out powers should not be exercised to interfere with the ability of another province to certify a parallel class action for residents of other provinces.

Disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent behaviour toward the judge or magistrates while holding the court, tending to interrupt the due course of a trial or other judicial proceeding, may be prosecuted as " direct " contempt.

For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution ( Section 2, Clause 1 ) states that " the judicial Power shall extend ... to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ".

In one case, the Provincial Judges Reference ( 1997 ), it was found a law can be held invalid for contradicting unwritten principles, in this case judicial independence.