However, existing law requires judicial approval of all class action settlements, and in most cases class members are given a chance to opt out of class settlement, though class members, despite opt-out notices, may be unaware of their right to opt out because they did not receive the notice, did not read it, or did not understand it.

Coupon settlements may be scrutinized by an independent expert before judicial approval in order to ensure that the settlement will be of value to the class members ( 28 U. S. C. A.

Since international law has no established compulsory judicial system for the settlement of disputes or a coercive penal system, it is not as straightforward as managing breaches within a domestic legal system.

The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.

It may be done by agreement, through a property settlement, or by judicial decree.

In Belgium, the bailiff can be appointed by a confiscating court to exercise the judicial mandate of schuldbemiddelaar ( in Dutch ) or médiateur de dettes ( in French ), a debt negotiator, in a procedure called collectieve schuldenregeling ( CSR ) or médiation collective de dettes, a collectively negotiated settlement of debts, which is comparable with the regulations by the Wet Schuldsanering Natuurlijke Personen ( WSNP ) in the Netherlands.

It touched on crimes or insults and their punishment ; settlement of civil suits ( including ordeals and selection and role of juries ); court procedure and judicial jurisdictions ( defining which cases to be judged by which bodies among Church courts, the Emperor's court, courts of the Emperor's circuit judges, and judgement by a nobleman ); and rights and obligations, including the right to freely carry out commerce ( articles 120, 121 ), tax obligations ( summary tax and timeframe to pay ), grazing rights and their violation, service obligations to the Emperor, exemption from state dues ( usually for the Church ), obligations associated with land, and the obligation of the Church to perform charity.

He established a local judicial and school system, and encouraged the settlement of colonists from the interior provinces of the Russian Empire.

In 1470 King Matthias Corvinus granted the first judicial privilege to the city, and in 1482 declared the city a royal settlement.

The life settlement market would not have originated without a number of events, judicial rulings and key individuals.

The case dragged on for ten years, with numerous appeals and overturned judicial verdicts, until Anspach and Parker ultimately reached a settlement, permitting him to continue using the name Anti-Monopoly and distributing the game.

:: The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.

This review will include the following objectives: a ) an assessment that the Guatemalan executive branch is taking all actions within its authority to ensure the physical safety and human and civil rights of union leaders and the effective criminal prosecution of persons charged with provoking anti-union violence, including killings of union leaders ; b ) assurances that the Government of Guatemala is taking all steps within its power to provide for the re-employment of the 900 fired banana workers and settlement of related labor law violations ; c ) further progress towards enacting the new Labor Code ; and d ) further improvements in labor law enforcement and judicial administration related to the protection of labor rights.

It was sometimes known as Salfordshire, the name alluding to its judicial centre being the township of Salford ( the suffix-shire meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement ).

It was sometimes known as West Derbyshire, the name alluding to its judicial centre being the township of West Derby ( the suffix-shire meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement ).

* Having performed, in the preceding calendar year, substantial judicial duties not involving courtroom participation, but including settlement efforts, motion decisions, writing opinions in cases that have not been orally argued, and administrative duties for the court to which the justice or judge is assigned.

The foreclosure proceedings are effectively stopped until the referee or judicial hearing officer ( JHO ) in the settlement conference determines that the settlement conferences are concluded, either because the parties have successfully modified the home loan or obtained some other foreclosure alternative or the referee has determined that one of the parties has not satisfied its requirements under the law.

Perjury operates in American law as an inherited principle of the common law of England, which defined the act as the " willful and corrupt giving, upon a lawful oath, or in any form allowed by law to be substituted for an oath, in a judicial proceeding or course of justice, of a false testimony material to the issue or matter of inquiry.

Theodoric allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system.

The new constitution gave the prince the right to dismiss governments and approve judicial nominees and allowed him to veto laws simply by refusing to sign them within a six-month period.

This allowed it to self govern and have a judicial court.

This removal of citizens ' rights was instrumental in the process of anti-semitic persecution: the process of denaturalization allowed the Nazis to exclude — de jure — Jewish people from the " Volksgemeinschaft " (" national community "), thus granting judicial legitimacy to their persecution and opening the way to harsher laws and, eventually, extermination of the Jews.

The Court is unanimously of opinion, that the appellate power of the Supreme Court of the United States does not extend to this Court, under a sound construction of the Constitution of the United States ; that so much of the 25th section of the act of Congress to establish the judicial courts of the United States, as extends the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to this Court, is not in pursuance of the Constitution of the United States ; that the writ of error in this cause was improvidently allowed under the authority of that act ; that the proceedings thereon in the Supreme Court were coram non judice in relation to this Court, and that obedience to its mandate be declined by the Court.

Following the dissolution of the Court of Chancery in 1873, the Lord Chancellor failed to have any role in equity, although his membership of other judicial bodies allowed him some indirect control.

Legislation assented to on 6 February 1918 women were granted the vote and allowed to sit in parliament and by related legislation in 1919 became entitled to hold civil and judicial office.

Critics of this ruling found this to be a case of judicial nitpicking and that the Court had in essence allowed the previously-banned practice of concentrating a racial group into a single district.

In theory, the bond allowed the British quite limited judicial powers — the trying of murder and robbery cases only.

This judicial ruling allowed the Kuomintang to rule unchallenged in Taiwan until the 1990s.

The law allowed police to sentence both minor offenders and " counter-revolutionaries " or " anti-socialist elements " to incarceration in labor camps without the right to a judicial hearing or trial, and did not allow judicial review to take place until after the punishment was being enforced.

While it did not entirely lose its arbitrary character, since individuals were allowed to pronounce the ban of excommunication on particular occasions, it became chiefly a legal measure resorted to by a judicial court for certain prescribed offenses.

Not only was the accused allowed his liberty until the last day but one, not only did his protectors in the Staff Office continue to communicate indirectly with him and to dictate the answers he should make, but the general entrusted with the preliminary as well as with the judicial inquiry, M. de Pellieux, showed him an unchanging friendliness and accepted without examination all his inventions.

The claimants contended that this allowed an executive officer to overrule a judicial decision in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers.

* People's Republic of China: Foreclosure takes place as a form of debt enforcement proceedings under strict judicial foreclosure, which is only allowed by law of guarantee and law of property right.

He and fellow MP Andrew Telegdi were particularly critical of a section of the bill which allowed cabinet ministers to override the judicial system in rejecting applications from immigrants.

In the area of judicial review for example the case of R ( on the application of Daly ) v Secretary of State for the Home Department highlights how the introduction of a proportionality test borrowed from ECHR jurisprudence has allowed a greater scrutiny of the substantive merits of a government's policy, meaning that judicial review has become more of an appeal than a review.

The principle of delegation of judicial powers not only allowed the supreme ruler to delegate these powers to a qadi ; it also allowed qadis to further delegate them to others, and there was in principle no limit to this chain of delegation.

Modern judicial interpretation has allowed the federal government to have a much greater influence over the economy.

The judicial review was allowed on March 2009.

According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration ( 1984 ) and the Basic Law, Hong Kong will retain its political, economic, and judicial systems and unique way of life and continue to participate in international agreements and organisations as a dependent territory for at least 50 years after retrocession.

The Court of Final Appeal now serves as the highest judicial authority in the jurisdiction, although, as confirmed by the Court of Appeal, decisions of the Privy Council before 1 July 1997 on appeals from Hong Kong ' continue to be binding since the resumption of sovereignty on all courts of Hong Kong, save for the Court of Final Appeal ' i. e. these decisions remain part of the common law of the Hong Kong SAR unless and until overturned by the Court of Final Appeal.

Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act ().

No judges are now appointed for the local courts, and the judicial functions of the Lord High Admiral have been passed to the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court, where they continue to be exercised by the Admiralty Judge and other Commercial Court judges authorised to sit in Admiralty cases.

All magistrates receive a 3 day training before sitting, carried out in conjunction with a mentoring program ( mentors are magistrates with at least 3 years service ), which covers basic law and procedure and then continue to receive training throughout their judicial career.

" According to the police, the presence of the investigation did not mean either of the officials involved had been charged with a crime, and a judicial ruling would be necessary to continue the investigation.

That body being a historic body which has legislative, judicial and executive functions, and whose large membership includes prominent British persons and persons from other Commonwealth Nations which continue to recognise the Queen as Head of State.

* Upon reaching the applicable retirement age, the retirement of the Chief Justice, any Supreme Court judge, or a Justice of Appeal ( including the President of the Court of Appeal ) may be waived to allow that person to continue in office, or to transfer to another judicial office, for a term of not more than three years.

Originally, though they held the rank of baron for life, they served in Parliament only while holding judicial office ; 11 years later, however, an act was passed allowing Lords of Appeal to continue to sit and vote in Parliament even after retirement from office.

The statutory retirement age for Lords of Appeal in Ordinary depended on when they were first appointed to judicial office: for those who first became a judge before 31 March 1995, the retirement age is 75 years of age ; for those appointed on or after that date, retirement is at 70 years of age ( though they are permitted to continue sitting in a part-time capacity as a " Lord of Appeal " until the age of 75 years ).

The Appellate Jurisdiction Act originally provided for the appointment of two Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, who would continue to serve while holding judicial office, though in 1887, they were permitted to continue to sit in the House of Lords for life, under the style and dignity of Baron.

Alan's son Randy, now grown, is Driver's law partner, and a 2006 storyline focused on Randy's campaign for the judicial seat from which his father is retiring, ensuring that the " Judge Parker " name will continue.

This system is similar to the Missouri Plan, which is used in 11 states to fill judicial appointments, in that voters get to decide whether or not to continue a judge in office.

In December 1994, Vodrey announced that future judicial reviews could be permitted to continue even if the judges in question decide to resign.

It is a judicial mandate which requires prisoners to be brought to court in order to determine whether the government has the right to continue to imprison them.

It is one of the most competitive academic disciplines in terms of university and college enrolment, and the number of judicial and legal training institutions continue to grow.

Given Otto Frank's crucial declaration that Silberbauer had obviously acted on orders and behaved correctly and without cruelty during the arrest, judicial investigation of Silberbauer was dropped, and he was able to continue in his career as a police officer.

On June 22 of the same year, a radio station broadcast a tape in which Salomon Lerner Ghitis, the chairman of the government-owned Financial Corporation for Development and a government insider, threatened both Alex and Moises with judicial proceedings and jail time should they continue to criticize the Government.

If there is a question that the person may continue to be dangerous, he can be civilly committed if, through a judicial hearing, it is determined that a concurrent mental disorder makes it likely that he will continue to be dangerous because he lacks any self control.