An abbey ( from Latin abbatia, derived from Latin language abbatia, from Latin abbās, derived from Aramaic language abba, " father ") is a Catholic monastery or convent, under the authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves as the spiritual father or mother of the community.

Although he described his method as translating " sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense ," Alfred's translation actually keeps very close to his original, although through his choice of language he blurred throughout the distinction between spiritual and secular authority.

After several rounds of debate between Job and his friends, in a divine voice, described as coming from a " cloud " or " whirlwind ", God describes, in evocative and lyrical language, what the experience of being the creator of the world is like, and rhetorically asks if Job has ever had the experiences or the authority that God has had.

BCI is an international group of people who act as an authority regarding the standardization of the Blissymbolics language.

This measure taken by the short-lived governmental authority would be popular and long-lasting, for since then no government in Cambodia has tried to romanize the Khmer language again.

However, the best modern analysis of the sources of the creed ( by A. de Halleux, in Revue Theologique de Louvain 7, 1976 ) and a reading of the acts, or proceedings, of the council ( recently translated into English ) show that the bishops considered Cyril the great authority and that even the language of ' two natures ' derives from him.

Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the Britannica was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English language encyclopaedia, especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors.

For example, if I say “ Star Wars is a shitty movie ,” and my friend says, “ Star Wars is not a shitty movie !” We have no shared reality, for in our language, truth lies in only one of our statements and we can forever argue these truths until one of us writes a book and has more authority than the other.

Changes could and did occur in the language, but only by acquiring widespread popular support ; there was no central authority making arbitrary changes, as happened with Volapük and some other languages.

He made a few mistakes ; he may well have made others that we cannot detect because he is our sole authority ; when he tried to describe buildings his command of language was usually inadequate ; he is often confused and obscure, though this may be as much his printer's fault as his own ; his prose is frequently difficult to read and painful to translate ; but he seems to us to be free from the dishonesty of the traveller who tries to exaggerate his own knowledge, importance, or courage.

Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Eastern Punjabi language.

The modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building perceives that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies described as being associated with having: an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability of the society, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language or small group of centralized languages understood by a community of people.

:( The French language is worthier and better suited for romances and pastourelles ; but the language from Limousin is of greater value for writing poems and cançons and sirventés ; and across the whole of the lands where our tongue is spoken, the literature in the Limousin language has more authority than any other dialect, wherefore I shall use this name in priority.

Book I holds that the Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority, and its hymns are written to provide the believer, through simple language, with a thorough understanding of its contents.

This type of language is used, according to E. Segal, for “ the forceful inversion, the reduction of the master to an abject position of supplication … the master-as-suppliant is thus an extremely important feature of the Plautine comic finale .” The imperative mood is therefore used in the complete role-reversal of the normal relationship between slave and master, and “ those who enjoy authority and respect in the ordinary Roman world are unseated, ridiculed, while the lowliest members of society mount to their pedestals … the humble are in face exalted ”.

Finally, the rabbis claimed for the Hebrew language a divine authority, in contrast to Aramaic or Greek-even though these languages were the lingua franca of Jews during this period ( and Aramaic would eventually be given the same holy language status as Hebrew ).

The Count ’ s response basically states that the language does not matter, but rather the style, authority, and grace of the work matters most ( Courtier 71 ).

With the role of language set, Castiglione begins to describe the style and authority in which the courtier must write in order to become successful.

In the autumn of 1868, Vladimir Nikolsky, a professor of Russian history and language, and an authority on Pushkin, suggested to Mussorgsky the idea of composing an opera on the subject of Pushkin's drama Boris Godunov.

Implementation of the Council's directives on the liturgy was carried out under the authority of Pope Paul VI by a special papal commission, later incorporated in the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, and, in the areas entrusted to them, by national conferences of bishops, which, if they had a shared language, were expected to collaborate in producing a common translation.

Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement ( commonly called Mormonism ), in the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible ( called by some the " Inspired Version ", and published by the RLDS under that title ), declared the Adamic language to have been " pure and undefiled ".

LDS Apostle Orson Pratt declared that " Ahman ", part of the name of the settlement " Adam-ondi-Ahman " in Daviess County, Missouri, was the name of God in the Adamic language.

Croatian is declared as the native language by 96 % of the population.

The US state of Illinois declared " American " to be the state's official language in 1923, although linguists and politicians throughout much of the rest of the country considered American simply to be a dialect.

Reviewing the volume, critic Philip Toynbee declared that " Thomas is the greatest living poet in the English language ".

In contrast, Zamenhof declared that " Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists ", and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the early development of the language.

At the first Esperanto congress, in Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1905, a declaration was made which defined an " Esperantist " merely as one who knows and uses the language " regardless of what kind of aims he uses it for ", and which also specifically declared any ideal beyond the spread of the language itself to be a private matter for the individual speaker.

The diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 ( Law 306 / 1976 ), when Dimotikí was declared the official language of Greece and it is still in use for all official purposes and in education, having incorporated features of Katharevousa, giving birth to Standard Greek.

The Poles were subjected to harassment in the fields of education, economic activity and the administration ; German was declared to be the only official language, but in practice the Poles only adhered more closely to their traditions.

This is the result of the official language policy of the Japanese government, which has declared those languages to be dialects and prohibited their use in schools.

The presidential election that followed later in 2000 also was marred by irregularities and was not declared free and fair by international observers. In December 2001, through a constitutional amendment, the Russian language was given official status.

After 1871 Masurians who expressed sympathy for Poland were deemed " national traitors " by German nationalists ( this increased especially after 1918 ) According to Stefan Berger after 1871 the Masurians in the German Empire were seen in a view that while acknowledging their " objective " Polishness ( in terms of culture and language ) they felt " subjectively " German and thus should be tightly integrated into German nation-state ; to Berger this argument went directly against the German nationalist demands in Alsace where Alsatians were declared German despite their " subjective " choice.

An early example of the use of the word " nation " ( in conjunction with language and territory ) was provided in 968 by Liutprand ( the bishop of Cremona ) who, while confronting the Byzantine emperor, Nicephorus II, on behalf of his patron Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, declared:

Depending on programming language and / or precise data type used, a variable declared to be a string may either cause storage in memory to be statically allocated for a predetermined max length or employ dynamic allocation to allow it to hold chronologically variable number of elements.

It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is the first language that was declared a classical language by the government of India in 2004.

In the book Zamenhof declared, " an international language, like a national one, is common property " and renounced all rights to the language, effectively putting it into the public domain.

Map of Malta in the 16th century, when Italian was declared the official language by the Knights of Malta.

Russian was the de facto official language of the central government and, to a large extent, republican governments of the former Soviet Union, but was not declared de jure state language until 1990.

According to the 1999 Belarus Census, the Belarusian language is declared as a " language spoken at home " by about 3, 686, 000 Belarusian citizens ( 36. 7 % of the population ) as of 1999.

Following unprecedented foreign led and domestic political interference with the CRTC's quasi-judicial independent regulatory process, within 6 months of its original decision, an abrupt CRTC " review " of its policy on third-language foreign services determined to drop virtually all restrictions and adopt a new " open entry " approach to foreign controlled " third language " ( non-English, non-French ) channels.

Reformers were led by Democratic Congressman Barney Frank of Massachusetts, who favored modification ( but ultimately voted for the defense authorization bill with the gay ban language ), and Barry Goldwater, a former Republican Senator and a retired Major General, who argued on behalf of allowing service by open gays and lesbians.

Two other groups contributed to the design of the language and developed implementations: Harlequin released a commercial IDE for Microsoft Windows and Carnegie Mellon University released an open source compiler for Unix systems.

It was originally a proprietary language within Ericsson, but was released as open source in 1998.

Four other open source implementations are available: " The Eiffel Compiler " tecomp, Gobo Eiffel, SmartEiffel — the GNU implementation, based on an older version of the language — and Visual Eiffel.

The Haskell language began with a consensus in 1987 to form an open standard for functional programming research ; implementation releases have been ongoing since 1990.

Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch ( he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language ), but his will was sovereign.

Body language can include flicking the hair, eye contact, brief touching, open stances, proximity etc.

His works are monumental in form and firmly tonal in language, though quite often innovative in their designs and clearly open to some of the new developments in musical syntax initiated by Mahler and Schoenberg.

According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200, 000 foreign students that are learning Italian language ; they are distributed in the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture in the world, in the 179 Italian schools abroad and in the 111 Italian sections that are open into foreign schools.

The oldest reference to Maltese comes from the Benedictine monks of Catania, who were unable to open a monastery in Malta, in 1364, because they could not understand the native language.

In a 2003 presentation at an open source convention, Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of the programming language Ruby, said that one of his inspirations for developing the language was the science fiction novel Babel-17, based on the Sapir – Whorf Hypothesis.

In contrast, the second question turned out to be much more difficult, and the question became a famous open problem in formal language theory for over two decades.

But the general problem remained open for more than 25 years until it was settled by Hashiguchi, who in 1988 published an algorithm to determine the star height of any regular language.

By contrast, lexical sets are open systems, since new words come into a language all the time.

" Philosophy physics is written in this grand book — I mean the universe — which stands continually open to our gaze, but it cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written.

Currently, there are two open source alternative implementations of Turing: Open Turing, an open source version of the original interpreter, TPlus, a native compiler for the concurrent systems programming language variant Turing Plus, and OpenT, an abandoned project to develop a compiler for Turing.

In Extremaduran and Fala language, some post-tonical vowels open in vocative forms of nouns, but it is a new development which doesn't come from the Latin vocative case.

One of the most common vowels is ; it is nearly universal for a language to have at least one open vowel, though most dialects of English have an and a — and often an, all open vowels — but no central.

Unfortunately, mainstream linguistics and cognitive linguistics has, as yet, proven on the whole unwilling to open up to rigorous research into both language and discourse in foreign languages.

In an effort to propagate the usage of WordNets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their WordNets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use WordNets as language resources to provide ontological and lexical knowledge in Natural Language Processing tasks.

This status has made Indonesian language relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnics ' languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group in Indonesia, and Dutch as the previous colonizer.