In modern amphibians, the laryngeal skeleton is considerably reduced ; frogs have only the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, while salamanders possess only the arytenoids.

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.

In mammals it consists of the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.

The surgery ( aretynoid lateralization, or a " laryngeal tieback ") consists of suturing one of the aretynoid cartilages in a maximally abducted ( open ) position.

* Oblique arytenoid muscles narrow the laryngeal inlet by constricting the distance between the arytenoid cartilages.

* Laryngeal perichondritis, the inflammation of the perichondrium of laryngeal cartilages, causing airway obstruction.

Usually these dogs are born with a normal larynx, but over time the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal cartilages lose function .< REF NAME =" HILLESTAD "> Laryngeal Paralysis by Katharine Hillestad, DVM .</ ref >

Advocates of this theory thought that every single vibration of the vocal folds was due to an impulse from the recurrent laryngeal nerves and that the acoustic center in the brain regulated the speed of vocal fold vibration.

The IEW is now slightly outdated, especially as it was conservative even when it was written, ignoring the laryngeal theory, and hardly including any Anatolian material, but it remains without any single replacement and thus remains an important tool of reference.

Surgery ( thyroidectomy to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it ) is not extensively used because most common forms of hyperthyroidism are quite effectively treated by the radioactive iodine method, and because there is a risk of also removing the parathyroid glands, and of cutting the recurrent laryngeal nerve, making swallowing difficult, and even simply generalized staphylococcal infection as with any major surgery.

The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below the thyroid cartilage ( which forms the laryngeal prominence, or " Adam's apple ").

It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid cartilage ( just below the laryngeal prominence, or ' Adam's Apple '), and extends inferiorly to approximately the fifth or sixth tracheal ring.

In this region, the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery pass next to or in the ligament and tubercle.

# Near total thyroidectomy-Both lobes are removed except for a small amount of thyroid tissue ( on one or both sides ) in the vicinity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve entry point and the superior parathyroid gland ; done in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Divide the superior thyroid artery and vein close to the thyroid gland ( avoid injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the superior parathyroid gland )

The laryngeal prominence is merely the protrusion one sees of the thyroid cartilage making up the body of the larynx.

The laryngeal prominence is usually more prominent in adult males because the thyroid cartilage elongates during puberty as the voice box becomes lodged in the throat, protruding out of the front of the neck more noticeably.

Cosmetic surgery to reduce the size of a laryngeal prominence is called chondrolaryngoplasty ( thyroid chondroplasty ).

* The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery due to its relatively medial location.

The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch.

Medially, it is in relation with the esophagus, trachea, and thyroid gland ( which overlaps it ), the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve being interposed ; higher up, with the larynx and pharynx.

The common carotid usually gives off no branch previous to its bifurcation, but it occasionally gives origin to the superior thyroid artery or its laryngeal branch, the ascending pharyngeal artery, the inferior thyroid artery, or, more rarely, the vertebral artery.

Unlike the passive articulation, which is a continuum, there are five discrete active articulators: the lip ( labial consonants ), the flexible front of the tongue ( coronal consonants: laminal, apical, and subapical ), the middle – back of the tongue ( dorsal consonants ), the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis ( radical consonants ), and the larynx ( laryngeal consonants ).

This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including speech ( via the recurrent laryngeal nerve ) and keeping the larynx open for breathing ( via action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, the only abductor of the vocal folds ).

It is also worth noting that all muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve ( a branch of the vagus ).

Speech mechanism impairment in athetosis involves a disorder in the regulation of breathing patterns, laryngeal dysfunction ( monopitch, low, weak and breathy voice quality ).

Such devices include the laryngeal mask airway, cuffed oropharyngeal airway and the esophageal-tracheal combitube ( Combitube ).

The laryngeal theory is a generally accepted theory of historical linguistics which proposes the existence of one or more consonants, termed " laryngeals ", in the Proto-Indo-European language ( PIE ).

The original phonetic values of the laryngeal sounds remain controversial ( see below ).

Otherwise, their presence is to be inferred mostly through the effects they have on neighboring sounds, and on patterns of alternation that they participate in ; when a laryngeal is attested directly, it is usually as a vowel ( as in the Greek examples below ).

Each recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the trachea and the esophagus with parasympathetic secretomotor innervation for glands associated with them ( and other fibers that are not PSN ).

The adduction of the vocal cords are effected by the contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoids and the oblique and transverse arytenoids ( all recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus ).

Another kind of acid reflux, which causes respiratory and laryngeal signs and symptoms, is called laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) or " extraesophageal reflux disease " ( EERD ).

The optative mood was formed with a suffix *- ieh < sub > 1 </ sub > or *- ih < sub > 1 </ sub > ( with a laryngeal ).

It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate ; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent ( open ).

Between 1989 and 2000 a variety of specialised laryngeal masks were released which included the LMA Flexible ™ ( 1990 ), LMA Fastrach ™ ( 1997 ), LMA Unique ™ ( 1997 ) and LMA ProSeal ™ ( 2000 ).

Note that the PIE laryngeal ( represented by an here ) was a part of the PIE root ; it occurs in all of its allomorphs, for example > bhū-ta-ḥ ( is reduced to in PIE due to ablaut ; the laryngeal disappears in this context, leaving its trace in the length of ū in Sanskrit ).

The recurrent ( inferior ) laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve ( tenth cranial nerve ) that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx ( voice box ).

* Tumor ( e. g., laryngeal papillomatosis, squamous cell carcinoma of larynx, trachea or esophagus ).

All of these muscles receive their innervation from the Recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the Vagus nerve ( CNX ).

) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve ( CN X ).

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve ( CN X ).