In the general case, the algebraic relations need not be associative, in which case the starting point is not the set of all words, but rather, strings punctuated with parentheses, which are used to indicate the non-associative groupings of letters.

The alphabet consists of the letters in V along with the symbols for the propositional connectives and parentheses "(" and ")", all of which are assumed to not be in V. The formulas will be certain expressions ( that is, strings of symbols ) over this alphabet.

* Graduates from British universities may add post-nominal letters, usually in parentheses, after those indicating their degree to show which university granted the degree.

1. a ) ( 1 ) ( a ) i ) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required ).

A derivation is a finite sequence of terms defined recursively by the following rules ( where all Greek letters represent valid terms or expressions with fully balanced parentheses ):

" This latter edition has been used for all subsequent editions until the Œuvres complètes of 2004, which reverts to the original edition but includes the added letters marked as " supplementary " and, in parentheses, the numbering scheme of 1758.

The names of well-known functions, such as sin x ( the trigonometric function sine ) and exp x ( the constant e raised to the power of x ) are written in lowercase upright letters ( and often, as shown here, without parentheses around the argument ).

For example, consider the following two strings of length 64, each containing only lowercase letters and digits:

The following table gives the letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, along with the IPA values for the sound of each letter:

The journal received many letters of support, reflecting the growth in opposition to nuclear weapons following Britain's recent H-bomb tests.

For example, in Spanish the letter ñ is treated as a basic letter following n, and the digraphs ch and ll were formerly ( until 1994 ) treated as basic letters following c and l, although they are now alphabetized as two-letter combinations.

The following sections are not revelations, but letters, reports, statements, and so forth: 102, 123, 127 – 131, 134, and 135

The following sections are not revelations, but letters, reports, statements, and so forth: 99, 108A, 109 – 113, and 123.

However, when names are concerned ( e. g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries ), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed e ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters ( immediately following the underlying vowel ).

The following languages have letters that contain diacritics that are considered independent letters distinct from those without diacritics.

:* Polish has the following letters: ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż.

:* Latvian has the following letters: ā ē ī ū ŗ ļ ķ ņ ģ š ž č.

:* Livonian has the following letters: ā, ä,,, ē, ī, ļ, ņ, ō,,, õ,, ŗ, š,, ū, ž.

The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters.

< td align =" left " colspan = 2 > In the following Diophantine equations, x, y, and z are the unknowns, the other letters being given are constants .</ td >

In French, the name of Easter Pâques also derives from the Latin word but the s following the a has been lost and the two letters have been transformed into a â with a circumflex accent by elision.

Many of these trivial errors occurred in the Byzantine period, following a change in script from uncial to minuscule, and many were ' homophonic ' errors, when scribes accidentally substituted homophones for words in the textequivalent in English to substituting ' right ' for ' write ', except that there were more opportunities for Byzantine scribes to make these errors because the Greek letters η, ι, οι and ει were pronounced similarly in the Byzantine period.

Although not an acronym, the language's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH, following the customary usage during its earlier years.

* The books in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events conclude with supposed letters from Snicket himself to his editor, containing a summary of his submitted manuscript for the following book in the series.

The first ( boot ) hard disk drive was given the name C :; further drives, if present, were given the letters following.

To the period before his settlement at Bethlehem and the following five years belong a series of short Old Testament studies: De seraphim, De voce Osanna, De tribus quaestionibus veteris legis ( usually included among the letters as 18, 20, and 36 ); Quaestiones hebraicae in Genesim ; Commentarius in Ecclesiasten ; Tractatus septem in Psalmos 10-16 ( lost ); Explanationes in Michaeam, Sophoniam, Nahum, Habacuc, Aggaeum.

The following day, she composed open letters to America's families, focusing on elementary and middle school students, which she distributed through state education officials.

The letters of the alphabet and their normal phonemic values are listed in the following table.

This is based on a series of letters sent to Bennett following his election as Prime Minister by Arcand, his colleague Ménard and two Conservative caucus members asking for financial support for Arcand's antsemitic newspaper Le Goglu.

The direct mail campaign consisted of 3 intra-state mailings of 1680 letters each and 6 out-of-state directed to electronics, plastics, pharmaceutical, and business machine manufacturers, and to publishers.

The fact that even the larger letters weighed only 5 lb. each made it possible to secure the letters to the building through clear acrylic angle brackets cemented to the letters.

It was professedly worth three thousand dollars in stock and good will, and the name was written in gold in foot-high letters across each of the two display windows.

These three differ from each other in the way they treat vowels: abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are also consonant-based, but indicate vowels with diacritics to or a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.

In later Pahlavi papyri, up to half of the remaining graphic distinctions of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but instead each word had to be learned as a whole — that is, they had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.

The largest true alphabet where each letter is graphically independent is probably Georgian, with 41 letters.

As Daniels used the word, an abugida contrasts with a syllabary, where letters with shared consonants or vowels show no particular resemblance to each another, and with an alphabet proper, where independent letters are used to denote both consonants and vowels.

Vowels not preceded by a consonant may be represented with a zero consonant letter, modified to indicate the vowel, or separate letters for each vowel, that are distinct from the corresponding dependent vowel signs.

According to Lucas, Bayley, and Valli, each sign has a handshape ( see handshape section in American Sign Language grammar ) and these handshapes can resemble signs of numbers or letters.

They can " steal " each other's words by rearranging the letters and extending the words.

In Gnostic cosmology, the 7 letters spelling its name represent each of the 7 classic planets — Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

Because the English language has 40 sounds and only 26 letters, children and beginning readers also need to learn the different sounds ( phonemes ) associated with each letter.

The first, second, and fourth have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet.

Since the number of possible sounds in all of the world's languages is much greater than the number of letters in any one alphabet, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) to assign a unique and unambiguous symbol to each attested consonant.

In this typographical system chemical symbols are not used as mere abbreviations – though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet – they are symbols intended to be used by peoples of all languages and alphabets.

CamelCase ( or camel case ), also known as medial capitals or Pascal case, is the practice of writing words with some inner uppercase letters, such as compound words or phrases in which the elements are joined without spaces, while each element has a capital letter within the compound.

* International maritime signal flags have distinctive markings that represent letters of the alphabet to allow ships to send messages to each other.

These are considered to be separate letters, each of them is placed in alphabet right after its Latin counterpart ( i. e. ą between a and b ), ź and ż are placed after z in this order.

In Turkish each of these are separate letters, rather than versions of other letters, where dotted capital İ and lower case i are the same letter, as are dotless capital I and lowercase ı. Typographically, Ç and Ş are often rendered with a subdot, as in ; when a hook is used, it tends to have more a comma shape than the usual cedilla.