A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as " the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendant of African origin.

However, the distinction linguistic vs. paralinguistic applies not only to speech but to writing and sign language as well, and it is not bound to any sensory modality.

Even vocal language has some paralinguistic as well as linguistic properties that can be seen ( lip reading, McGurk effect ), and even felt, e. g. by the Tadoma method.

Some of the linguistic features of speech, in particular of its prosody, are paralinguistic or pre-linguistic in origin.

Every word is spelled as in written English, and as with written English, certain linguistic and paralinguistic elements such as intonation are not represented.

This book defines the term as the " linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendant of African origin.

Thus there are things which may act as signs without any respect to the human agent ( the things of the external world, all sorts of indications, evidences, symptoms, and physical signals ), there are signs which are always signs ( the entities of the mind as ideas and images, thoughts and feelings, constructs and intentions ); and there are signs that have to get their signification ( as linguistic entities and cultural symbols ).

In other words, metaphor need not be a purely linguistic matter, and perhaps not surprisingly Gass's change in his explanation of metaphor from graduate school to now signals a change in the focus of his fiction.

The situation in Europe differs somewhat, due to the much greater linguistic diversity in that region and due to the use of standardized DVB receivers capable of receiving multiple providers and free-to-air signals.

-- Syllables are linguistic units centering in peaks which are usually vocalic but, as has been noted, are consonantal under certain circumstances, and which may or may not be combined with preceding and/or following consonants or combinations of consonants.

With tone, individual differences may be greater than the linguistic contrasts which are superimposed on them.

Thus far the only people who have been attested with a high level of genetic, historical, linguistic and cultural research to be the descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians are the Assyrian Christians of Iraq and its surrounding areas in north west Iran, north east Syria and south eastern Turkey.

There are also possible linguistic and even physical survivals to be considered.

The support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary depending on which of the three areas you are in.

According to F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, " the widely observed unity of form and point of view ... and general resemblance in linguistic detail throughout the sequence are broadly suggestive of the work of a single author ," though other scholars see Lamentations as the work of multiple authors.

Evidence produced for these positions are allusions in the book to the wider world, similarities with other prophets, and linguistic details.

For this reason, such stop consonants are frequently referred to in the local linguistic literature as ' depressor ' stops.

Some of the driving research questions in studying how the brain itself processes language include: ( 1 ) To what extent is linguistic knowledge innate or learned ?, ( 2 ) Why is it more difficult for adults to acquire a second-language than it is for infants to acquire their first-language ?, and ( 3 ) How are humans able to understand novel sentences?

False cognates are words that are commonly thought to be related ( have a common origin ) whereas linguistic examination reveals they are unrelated.

Ordinarily both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages, to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language, to discover the development of phonological, morphological, and other linguistic systems, and to confirm or refute hypothesized relationships between languages.

A different dimension on which dictionaries ( usually just general-purpose ones ) are sometimes distinguished is whether they are prescriptive or descriptive, the latter being in theory largely based on linguistic corpus studies — this is the case of most modern dictionaries.

Although 700 local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by the use of French and the intermediary languages Kikongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala.

From a linguistic point of view, Bokmål and Danish are the same language.

" Nativist " models of " Universal Grammar " are informed by linguistic universals such as the existence of pronouns and demonstratives, and the similarities in each languages process of nominalization ( the process of verbs becoming nouns ) as well as the reverse, the process of turning nouns into verbs.

It only applies to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties ( thus excluding languages used by recent immigrants from other states, see immigrant languages ), which significantly differ from the majority or official language ( thus excluding what the state party wishes to consider as mere local dialects of the official or majority language ) and that either have a territorial basis ( and are therefore traditionally spoken by populations of regions or areas within the State ) or are used by linguistic minorities within the State as a whole ( thereby including such languages as Yiddish and Romani, which are used over a wide geographic area ).

In addition to difficulty expressing oneself, sufferers of expressive aphasia are also noted to commonly have trouble with comprehension in certain linguistic areas.

The many linguistic techniques for reducing the amount of dictionary information that have been proposed all organize the dictionary's contents around prefixes, stems, suffixes, etc..

In addition, many speech communities on the East Coast have existed in their present locations for centuries, while the interior of the country was settled by people from all regions of the existing United States and developed a far more generic linguistic pattern.

Nowadays, " Afghan " is usually not used as an ethnic term, but as a national demonym for all citizens of Afghanistan, while " Pashtun "-the native ethnonym of this people-is largely used in a linguistic sense to refer to native speakers of Pashto.

Some modern sources allude to a linguistic connection between the bunyip and Bunjil, " a mythic ' Great Man ' who made the mountains and rivers and man and all the animals.

Recent linguistic research suggests that all of Africa's major language groupings south of the Sahara Desert ( except Khoisan, which is not considered a valid genetic grouping anyway ), i. e. the Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger – Congo phyla, originated in prehistoric times in a narrow band between Lake Chad and the Nile Valley.

The small landowners ' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society.

According to Needham, though there is no way of answering the question of whether the crossbow first arose among the cultures neighboring ancient China before the rise of Chinese culture in their midst, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples, the former seems the more probable hypothesis given linguistic evidence, which posits that the Chinese word for ' crossbow ' came from an Austroasiatic language.

He ended the paper by calling for a " very extended study of all the various existing stocks of languages, in order to determine the most fundamental properties of language "-almost a program statement for the modern study of linguistic typology, and a very Boasian approach.

Because of the linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between Yupik and Inuit peoples there is uncertainty as to the acceptance of any term encompassing all Yupik and Inuit people.

" It also includes ideas of a culture shared between members of the group, and with their ancestors, and usually a shared language ; however it is different from purely cultural definitions of " the nation " ( which allow people to become members of a nation by cultural assimilation ) and a purely linguistic definitions ( which see " the nation " as all speakers of a specific language ).

However, Daniel Fredericks, who has studied all the linguistic inconsistencies used by scholars as evidence, has concluded that they are unconvincing.

As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition of infinitive that applies to all languages.

He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.

Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache ( History of the German Language ), in which the linguistic elements are emphasized.

Some recent linguistic theories view language as by its nature all metaphorical ; or that language in essence is metaphorical.

Like the radio services of the NBC, the television service tries to cater to all the linguistic audiences in Namibia, although the dominant language is English ( Namibia's official language )

Onomatopoeias are not the same across all languages ; they conform to some extent to the broader linguistic system they are part of ; hence the sound of a clock may be tick tock in English, dī dā in Mandarin, or katchin katchin in Japanese.

) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning.

'" He does this, according to some scholarship, using monologue, the imperative mood and alliteration — all of which are specific and effective linguistic tools in both writing and speaking.

They perform certain social and psychological functions, and utilize particular linguistic and neurological mechanisms ; all these are avenues of research.

The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages – the knowledge acquired by learning a language – are merely surface phenomena and do not affect cognitive processes that are universal to all human beings.

Some researchers such as John A Lucy, Barbara Saunders and Stephen C Levinson have argued that Berlin and Kay's study does not in fact show that linguistic relativity in color naming is impossible, because of a number of basic unsupported assumptions in their study ( such as whether all cultures in fact have a category of " color " that can be unproblematically defined and equated with the one found in Indo-European languages ) and because of problems with their data stemming from those basic assumptions.

The traditional view contends that all the letters are by the hand of John the apostle, and the linguistic structure, special vocabulary, and polemical issues all lend toward this theory.