The late R. G. Collingwood, a philosopher whose work has proved helpful to many students of literature, once wrote ``::

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Two species are described in the literature: A. ramidus, which lived about 4. 4 million years ago during the early Pliocene, and A. kadabba, dated to approximately 5. 6 million years ago ( late Miocene ).

In older literature the Cretaceous is sometimes divided into three series: Neocomian ( lower / early ), Gallic ( middle ) and Senonian ( upper / late ).

From the late 17th century onwards a whole body of literature known as the Han Kitab developed amongst the Hui Muslims of China who infused Islamic thought with Confucianism.

In ancient literature, we find a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius ; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.

The term " countercult apologetics " first appeared in Protestant Evangelical literature as a self-designation in the late 1970s and early 1980s in articles by Ronald Enroth and David Fetcho, and by Walter Martin in Martin Speaks Out on the Cults.

With the return of Vespasian in late September, his political role was rendered all but obsolete and Domitian withdrew from government devoting his time to arts and literature.

Therefore, the literature of the late 14th and the early 15th century falls, as it were, in the cracks between Middle and New High German, and can be classified as either.

Whatever the legal strictures on sexual activity, the positive expression of male homeoerotic sentiment in literature was accepted, and assiduously cultivated, from the late eighth century until modern times.

Beginning around the 3rd century BC, it took two centuries to become a dominant literature of Ancient Rome, with many educated Romans still reading and writing in Ancient Greek, as late as Marcus Aurelius ( 121 – 180 AD ).

Pagan Latin literature showed a final burst of vitality in the late 200s and 400s.

Recreational or addictive opium use in other nations remained rare into the late nineteenth century, recorded by an ambivalent literature that sometimes praised the drug.

Postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society expanded the importance of critical theory and has been the point of departure for works of literature, architecture, and design, as well as being visible in marketing / business and the interpretation of history, law and culture, starting in the late 20th century.

The moral of the story – that a young woman should not marry an old man – is common in late medieval vernacular literature.

This event would late be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Rome and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages.

During the fur trade of the early 1800s to the late 1840s in the Western United States, the word was spelled " niggur ", and is often recorded in literature of the time.

It's too late in the day for literature.

In late 20th and early 21st century popular literature, the word coven was used for groups of vampires who live together.

Dating back to the late 19th century, the main center of the older Chinatown is Pender Street and Main Street in downtown Vancouver, which is also, along with Victoria's Chinatown, one of the oldest surviving Chinatowns in North America, and has been the setting for a variety of modern Chinese Canadian culture and literature.

Jacob began his own research on German legal traditions and the history of the German language, published in the late 1840s and early 1850s, while Wilhelm produced new editions of the Hausmärchen and research in medieval literature.

Much of his literature concerns racial themes, especially those involving the plight of African-Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries.

The names of the characters ( Rama, Sita, Dasharatha, Janaka, Vasishta, Vishwamitra ) are all known in late Vedic literature, older than the Valmiki Ramayana.

His depictions of sinful humanity, his conceptions of Heaven and Hell are now seen as consistent with those of late medieval didactic literature and sermons.

In Victorian literature, elves usually appeared in illustrations as tiny men and women with pointed ears and stocking caps.

An intellectual autodidact, his tastes in literature were typical of an educated Victorian painter, including Spenser, Virgil, Ruskin and Tennyson, from whose works much of his iconography can be traced.

1848 edition of American Phrenological Journal published by Fowlers & Wells, New York City. In the Victorian age, phrenology as a psychology was taken seriously and permeated the literature and novels of the day.

The SPR is frequently referred to in Victorian and Edwardian literature as " the Psychical Research Society ".

Other prominent academics associated with the University include Geoffrey Bennington, the creator of the MA programme in Modern French Thought ( Derrida, Lyotard ); Homi K. Bhabha ( postcolonialism ); Rachel Bowlby ( feminism, Woolf, Freud ); Geoff Cloke FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Jonathan Dollimore ( Renaissance literature, gender and queer studies ); Katy Gardner ( social anthropology ); Gabriel Josipovici ( Dante, the Bible ); Michael Land FRS ( Animal Vision-Frink Medal )); Michael Lappert FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Alan Lehmann FRS ( Genetics and Genome Stability ); ( Laura Marcus ( Woolf ); John Murrell FRS ( Theoretical Chemistry ); Peter Nicholls ( Pound, modernism ); John Nixon FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry )); Laurence Pearl FRS ( Structural Biology ); Guy Richardson FRS ( Neuroscience ); Jacqueline Rose ( feminism, psychoanalysis ); Nicholas Royle ( modern literature and theory ; deconstruction ); Alan Sinfield ( Shakespeare, sexuality, queer theory ); Norman Vance ( Victorian, classical reception ); Richard Whatmore & Knud Haakonssen ( intellectual historians ); Gavin Ashenden ( Senior Lecturer in English, University Chaplain, and Chaplain to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Cedric Watts ( Conrad, Greene ); Marcus Wood ( postcolonialism ).

Victorian Britain, like the periods before it, was interested in literature ( see Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle and William Makepeace Thackeray ), theatre and the arts ( see Aesthetic movement and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ), and music, drama, and opera were widely attended.

Writing in 1944, the liberal Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek said of the change in political attitudes that had occurred since the Great War: " Perhaps nothing shows this change more clearly than that, while there is no lack of sympathetic treatment of Bismarck in contemporary English literature, the name of Gladstone is rarely mentioned by the younger generation without a sneer over his Victorian morality and naive utopianism ".

Many folktales are told of fairies, and they appear as characters in stories from medieval tales of chivalry, to Victorian fairy tales, and up to the present day in modern literature.

These characters have appeared in literary fiction – including penny dreadfuls, pulp comics, Victorian, Romanticism and Renaissance literature, steampunk, Gothic novels, fairy tales, mythology and folklore – as well as in film, television programs, comic book series and graphic novels, radio shows, and even video games.

Over the course of the series, the world of the League began to incorporate many works of fiction from many different eras — not just Victorian literature — into its universe.

* A record of executions conducted at the prison, together with commentary, was published as The Newgate Calendar, which inspired a genre of Victorian literature known as the Newgate novel.

** Victorian literature

While Haggard does indeed portray some Africans ( such as Twala and Gagool ) in their traditional ( for Victorian literature ) literary posts as barbarians, he also presents the other side of the coin, showing some black Africans as heroes and heroines ( such as Ignosi ), and shows respect for their culture.

Gilbert, Sullivan, Carte and other Victorian era British composers, librettists and producers, as well as the contemporary British press and literature, called works of this kind " comic operas " to distinguish their content and style from that of the often risqué continental European operettas that they wished to displace.

* Cody, D. ( 1987 ) Corn Laws, The Victorian Web: literature, history and culture in the age of Victoria, webpage accessed 16 September 2007

The absurdist genre grew out of the modernist literature of the late 19th and early 20th century in direct opposition to the Victorian literature which was prominent just prior to this period.

The antihero has evolved over time, changing as society's conceptions of the hero changed, from the Elizabethan times of Faust and William Shakespeare's Falstaff, to the darker-themed Victorian literature of the 19th century, such as John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, written in the mid-18th century, or as a timid, passive, indecisive man that contrasts sharply with other Greek heroes to Philip Meadows Taylor's Confessions of a Thug.

* A companion to Victorian literature & culture

His mother Gertrude Himmelfarb was a scholar of Victorian era literature.

Edward Moxon ( 12 December 1801-3 June 1858 ) was a British poet and publisher, significant in Victorian literature.

He was one of a small group of Victorian scholars who have been credited with establishing the academic study of English literature.

Chimney sweeps were often depicted in Victorian literature as heartless scoundrels who abused their child workers.

Pound, though briefly, embraced Imagism stating that it was an important step away from the verbose style of Victorian literature and suggested that it " is the sort of American stuff I can show here in Paris without its being ridiculed ".