With the increase of wealth and power, abbots had lost much of their special religious character, and become great lords, chiefly distinguished from lay lords by celibacy.

In 1284, Alexander invested the title of Lord of the Isles in the head of the Macdonald family, Angus Macdonald, and over the next two centuries the Macdonald lords operated as if they were kings in their own right, frequently opposing the Scottish monarch.

The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic Law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes, since Christian synods " established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation, which they then fixed.

The choice of the Navarrese lords fell on García Ramírez, Lord of Monzón, descendant of an illegitimate son of García Sánchez III and protégé of Alfonso VII to be their king.

The Virgilio Barco ( 1986 – 1990 ) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of terrorism and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas.

The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king.

The letter concerned Augustine ’ s mission to Kent in 597, and in it Gregory says that he believes " that you wish your subjects in every respect to be converted to that faith in which you, their kings and lords, stand ".

Earlier, the emperors had married women from families of the government-holding Soga lords, and women of the imperial clan itself, i. e. various-degree cousins and often even their own sisters ( half-sisters ).

The Vietnamese emperors also gave this title to their ancestors who were lords or influence figures in the previous dynasty like the Chinese emperors.

The area surrounding the castle ( known as the Yamanote ) consisted largely of daimyō ( feudal lords ') mansions, whose families lived in Edo as part of the sankin kōtai system ; the daimyō made journeys in alternating years to Edo, and used the mansions for their entourages.

This system, known as the corvée, originated in the unpaid labor that French peasants provided to their feudal lords.

The new administrative system of the themes, or military provinces created by the Byzantine Empire, contributed to the eventual rise of feudalism in Albania, as peasant soldiers who served military lords became serfs on their landed estates.

Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth with actions including the support of the Targowica Confederation, although the cost of her campaigns, on top of the oppressive social system that required lords ' serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on the lords ' land, provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773, after Catherine legalized the selling of serfs separate from land.

A league was formed by certain lords, who pledged themselves to protect the free preaching of the Gospel upon all their possessions and estates, and to obey the power of the Bishops only where their orders accorded with the injunctions of the Bible, with the university as arbiter of any disputed points.

Some of the lords and their descendants rose to high ranks in their adoptive countries, such as the French royalist Patrice de Mac-Mahon, who became president of France.

The assembly broke up and the lords departed with their protege.

He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester.

This was because governing power, and defence against Viking, Magyar and Saracen attack, became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local lords and their demesnes.

" Mutezuma came to greet us and with him some two hundred lords, all barefoot and dressed in a different costume, but also very rich in their way and more so than the others.

Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service ( or again, cash in lieu ) to their superior: a substantial share ( estimated by value at 17 % in England in 1086 ) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion ( rather more than a quarter ) were held by bishoprics and monasteries.

Nominally friendly lords and even his own fortresses closed their gates to him, and John was forced to flee into Scotland with a handful of retainers and throw himself on the charity of the Scottish King Robert II until the crisis was over.

The story ( part historical, part legend, and part myth ) chronicles the lives of feudal lords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han Dynasty or restore it.

The meetings consisted of northern and marcher lords, as well as Lancaster's own retainers, but little assistance was forthcoming from the northerners.

One branch of the family became hatamoto retainers to the Tokugawa shōgun, while other branches became minor daimyo lords.

During the Muromachi Period, Higo was held by the Kikuchi clan, but they were dispossessed during the Sengoku Period, and the province was occupied by neighboring lords, including the Shimazu clan of Satsuma, until Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Kyūshū and gave Higo to his retainers, first Sassa Narimasa and later Kato Kiyomasa.

Five years before the start of the film, the Yamashiro clan's chief retainers ( vassal lords ) dig gold out of a secret mine behind their lord's back.

Officials consist either of personal retainers ( in a patrimonial regime ) or of personal loyal allies, such as vassals or tributary lords ( in a feudal regime ).

This shift reflected political and social pressures, such as the desire of the wealthiest lords to have privacy from their growing households of retainers, as well as the various architectural ideas being exchanged across the region, despite the ongoing Hundred Years War between France and England.

By 1587, Hideyoshi had become alarmed, not because of too many converts but rather because the hegemon learned that Christian lords reportedly oversaw forced conversions of retainers and commoners, that they had garrisoned the city of Nagasaki, that they participated in the slave trade of other Japanese and, apparently offending Hideyoshi's Buddhist sentiments, that they allowed the slaughter of horses and oxen for food.

Apparently beginning relatively harmlessly in the reign of Richard's grandfather Edward III in a context of tournaments and courtly celebrations, by Richard's reign livery badges had come to be seen as a social menace, and were " one of the most protracted controversies of Richard's reign ", as they were used to denote the small private armies of retainers kept by lords, largely for the purpose of enforcing their lord's will on the less powerful in his area.

The was an educational institution in the Edo period of Japan, originally established to educate children of daimyo ( feudal lords ) and their retainers in the domains outside of the capital.

Apparently beginning relatively harmlessly under Edward III in a context of tournaments and courtly celebrations, by the reign of his successor Richard II the badges had become seen as a social menace, and were " one of the most protracted controversies of Richard's reign ", as they were used to denote the small private armies of retainers kept by lords, largely for the purpose of enforcing their lord's will on the less powerful in his area.

All the refounded houses were in properties that had remained in Crown possession ; but, in spite of much prompting, none of Mary's lay supporters would co-operate in returning their holdings of monastic lands to religious use ; while the lay lords in Parliament proved unremittingly hostile, as a revival of the " mitred " abbeys would have returned the House of Lords to having an ecclesiastical majority.

The Zhou royalty was then closer to its main supporters, particularly Qin, Jin, and Zheng ; the Zhou royal family had much weaker authority and relied on lords from these vassal states for protection, especially during their flight to the eastern capital.

However, when police efforts began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia, going into hiding while they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.

When the local nobility of Norwich attempted to quash these activities, the local yeomanry and peasantry revolted against the lords and attacked their supporters, especially Norwich's Jewish community.

Well-known supporters of the Reformation from Szczebrzeszyn, Stankar and Felix Kreutziger, sought the protection of these feudal lords.

The lords were members of the satriya family of Sukawati, and were significant supporters of the village's increasingly renowned arts scene.

Early in 1212 Llywelyn had regained the Perfeddwlad and burned the castle at Ystwyth. Llywelyn's revolt caused John to postpone his invasion of France, and Philip Augustus, the King of France, was so moved as to contact Prince Llywelyn I and proposed they ally against the English king King John ordered the execution by hanging of his Welsh hostages, the sons of many of Llywelyn's supporters Llywelyn I was the first prince to receive the fealty of other Welsh lords with the 1216 Council of Aberdyfi, thus becoming the de facto Prince of Wales and giving substance to the Aberffraw claims.

While the Prince of Orange was in Hungerford, his English supporters came into the town, including a body of several hundred cavalry headed by northern lords.

If the king had joined, its resolutions would have received the sanction of the law ; but he refused, and approached the newly formed Roman Catholic League of lords, whose members pledged themselves to support the king, the Catholic Church, and the Council.

They were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor ( similar to how, at the end of the First Age, various Eldar remained and went east, becoming lords of the Silvan Elves ).

He became prominent among the discontented nobles, but in 1312, after the Earl of Warwick betrayed him by executing the captured Gaveston, he left the allied lords and joined the King.

The only manors left alone belonged to Irish lords intimidated to join him, or that of a junior branch of the de Lacy family who in an effort to gain lands voluntarily joined him.

Two days later, 29 December, he joined in John Williams protest against the legality of all acts done in the enforced absence of the spiritual lords.

The most important of the samurai lords who joined Oda after this battle was Tokugawa Ieyasu from Mikawa Province.

After the murder of David Rizzio, in 1567, he joined the Protestant lords against Mary, appeared as one of the leaders against her at Carberry Hill, and afterwards approved of her lavish imprisonment at Loch Leven Castle.

After Northumberland was unable to convince his cousin, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex to support further peace negotiations with the royalists, he retired to his estates at Petworth ( unlike other " peace lords ", who joined the king at Oxford at this time ).

He secured an invitation from Ōuchi family, the lords of Yamaguchi and one of the most powerful families in Japan, and joined a trading trip ; in 1468 he landed in Southern China.

He then joined up with the royal army and served for a while in Anglesey, before returning to Brecon, where he received the surrender of certain Welch lords.

Many Irish Catholic lords who had lost lands or feared dispossession joined the rebellion and participated in the attacks on the settlers.

When Essex rejected the peace party's advice, Bedford became one of the " peace lords " who abandoned the Parliamentary cause and joined Charles I at Oxford: the king pardoned Bedford for his previous offence.