The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is a RNA copy of one of the organism's genes.

Selenocysteine is incorporated when the mRNA being translated includes a SECIS element, which causes the UGA codon to encode selenocysteine instead of a stop codon.

These motifs influence the extent to which that region is transcribed into mRNA.

Bioinformatics is very much involved in making sense of protein microarray and HT MS data ; the former approach faces similar problems as with microarrays targeted at mRNA, the latter involves the problem of matching large amounts of mass data against predicted masses from protein sequence databases, and the complicated statistical analysis of samples where multiple, but incomplete peptides from each protein are detected.

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, when synthesizing a protein, a gene's DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into protein.

During transcription, all intron RNA is cut from the RNA primary transcript and the remaining pieces of the RNA primary transcript are spliced back together to become mRNA.

The mRNA code is then translated into an amino acid chain ( sequence ) that comprises the newly made protein.

This ' intron-free ' DNA is constructed using ' intron-free ' mRNA as a template.

Thus it is a ' complementary ' copy of the mRNA, and is thus called complementary DNA ( cDNA ).

Though there are several methods for doing so, cDNA is most often synthesized from mature ( fully spliced ) mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

# This mixture of mature mRNA strands is extracted from the cell.

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

To the right is a diagram of a heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA ), which is an unedited mRNA transcript, or pre-mRNAs.

The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U ( uracil ).

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or mRNA sequences ) is translated into proteins ( amino acid sequences ) by living cells.

The actual frame in which a protein sequence is translated is defined by a start codon, usually the first AUG codon in the mRNA sequence.

After the introns have been removed via splicing, the mature mRNA sequence is ready for translation ( bottom ).

Dicistronic or bicistronic is the term used to describe an mRNA that encodes only two proteins.

Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis, and is responsible for decoding the mRNA.

The northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA ( or isolated mRNA ) in a sample.

Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA ( also known as a primary transcript ) using various forms of Post-transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome.

In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid.

Reverse transcriptase is used also to create cDNA libraries from mRNA.

Oligonucleotide microarrays containing approximately 16, 000 unique genes were used to analyse mRNA expression in melanocytes from vitiligo patients and age-matched healthy controls.

The best expression system of choice depends on the gene involved, for example the Saccharomyces cerevisiae is often preferred for proteins that require significant posttranslational modification and Insect or mammal cell lines are used when human-like splicing of the mRNA is required.

If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, the result of transcription is messenger RNA ( mRNA ), which will then be used to create that protein via the process of translation.

Genetic alterations to the 3 ' UTR can be used to increase or decrease the half-life of the mRNA, leading to greater or lesser protein levels.

In a transient knockdown, the binding of this oligonucleotide to the active gene or its transcripts causes decreased expression through blocking of transcription ( in the case of gene-binding ), degradation of the mRNA transcript ( e. g. by small interfering RNA ( siRNA ) or RNase-H dependent antisense ) or blocking either mRNA translation, pre-mRNA splicing sites or nuclease cleavage sites used for maturation of other functional RNAs such as miRNA ( e. g. by Morpholino oligos or other RNase-H independent antisense ).

The core particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process where the genome is transcribed conservatively causing an excess of (+) sense strands, which are used as mRNA templates to synthesize (-) sense strands.

RNase H can also be used to degrade specific RNA strands when the cDNA oligo is hybridized, such as the removal of the poly ( A ) tail from mRNA hybridized to oligo ( dT ), or the destruction of a chosen non-coding RNA inside or outside the living cell.

There are therefore three possible reading frames for an mRNA strand that can be used during translation, although usually only one reading frame is used.

Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 to 93 nucleotides in length, that is used by all living organisms to bridge the four-letter genetic code ( ACGU ) in messenger RNA ( mRNA ) with the twenty-letter code of amino acids in proteins.

In addition, the ribosome has two other sites for tRNA binding that are used during mRNA decoding or during the initiation of protein synthesis.

In eukaryotes, a poly -( A ) tail ( consisting of a long sequence of adenine nucleotides ) distinguishes mRNA from tRNA and rRNA and can therefore be used as a primer site for reverse transcription.

Cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules are polarized within the oocyte and can be used to allow the localization of mRNA molecules to specific parts of the cell.

Thus the 5 ' cap is a marker of an actively translating mRNA and is used by cells to regulate mRNA half-lives in response to new stimuli.

These microarrays are used to determine which genes exist in a sample by detecting specific pieces of mRNA.

In the case of DNA viruses, the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules that are then used to direct the cell's ribosomes.

In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place.

The mRNA comprises a series of codons that dictate to the ribosome the sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein.

* Splicing-process of removing introns from precursor messenger RNA ( pre-mRNA ) to make messenger RNA ( mRNA )

In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein ( or set of proteins ).

The mRNA synthesized from vcRNA are translated to make the GP and Z proteins.