The city was held by Surhak, a " minor mamluk.

Saladin agreed to a truce with Bohemond in return for Muslim prisoners being held by him and then he gave A ' zaz to Alam ad-Din Suleiman and Aleppo to Saif al-Din al-Yazkuj — the former was an emir of Aleppo who joined Saladin and the latter was a former mamluk of Shirkuh who helped rescue him from the assassination attempt at A ' zaz.

The powerful vizier Badr al-Jamali, for example, was a mamluk of Armenian origin.

A mamluk was also " bound by a strong esprit de corps to his peers in the same household.

Political pressure for a male leader made Shajar marry the mamluk commander Aybak ; he was later killed in his bath, and in the power struggle that ensued vice-regent Qutuz took over.

The Ghaznavid dynasty () was a Turkic mamluk Muslim dynasty which adopted Persianate culture and ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent from 975 to 1186.

The Khwarazmian dynasty ( also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants ; from Persian, " Kings of Khwarezmia ") was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin.

He had no child, so after his death, his sultanate was divided into many parts by his slaves ( mamluk generals ).

Barquq was from Circassian origin, and was acquired as a slave and became a mamluk in the household of Yalbogha al -` Umari in approximately 1363-64 ( or 764 on the Islamic calendar ).

The mamluk slave-troops were strangers of the lowest possible status who could not conspire against the ruler and who could easily be punished if they caused trouble, making them a great military asset.

Mameluco is a Portuguese word derived from " mamluk " ( also named ameluco in Spanish ), used to identify people of mixed European and Amerindian descent in South America.

The use of mamluk soldiers gave rulers troops who had no link to any established power structure.

The privileges associated with being a mamluk were so desirable that many free Egyptians arranged to be sold in order to gain access to this privileged society.

The intensive and rigorous training of each new recruit helped ensure continuity of mamluk practices.

However over time, in places such as Egypt, the mamluk forces became linked to existing power structures and gained significant amounts of influence on those powers.

After Saladin's death his sons fell to squabbling over the division of the Empire, and each attempted to surround himself with larger expanded mamluk retinues.

With each victory Al-Adil incorporated the defeated mamluk retinue into his own.

She took control with mamluk support and launched a counterattack.

Interestingly, the mamluk elite were often more knowledgeable in the art of buildings than many historians.

As an avowed Christian would not have been permitted to join the caravan Hornemann assumed the character of a young mamluk trading to Fezzan.

This described and analyzed the phenomenon of " hunting ", in which lags in the system can lead to overcompensation and unstable behavior.

According to S. N. Goenka, a teacher of Vipassana meditation, the original meaning of dhamma is " dharayati iti dharmaH ", or " one that contains, supports or upholds " and dharma in the Buddhist scriptures has a variety of meanings, including " phenomenon " and " nature " or " characteristic ".

Déjà vu, from French, literally " already seen ", is the phenomenon of having the strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has been experienced in the past.

Another possible explanation for the phenomenon of déjà vu is the occurrence of " cryptomnesia ", which is where information learned is forgotten but nevertheless stored in the brain, and similar occurrences invoke the contained knowledge, leading to a feeling of familiarity because of the situation, event or emotional / vocal content, known as " déjà vu ".

" They noted that " the law of transformation of quantity into quality ", " holds that a new quality emerges in a leap as the slow accumulation of quantitative changes, long resisted by a stable system, finally forces it rapidly from one state into another ," a phenomenon described in some disciplines as a paradigm shift.

A well-known example of this phenomenon, the " Ouzo effect ", happens when water is poured into a strong alcoholic anise-based beverage, such as ouzo, pastis, arak, or raki.

Alain Silver, the most widely published American critic specializing in film noir studies, refers to film noir as a " cycle " and a " phenomenon ", even as he argues that it has — like certain genres — a consistent set of visual and thematic codes.

This is a relatively recent phenomenon ; until the last few decades a sovereign was seen as the personal embodiment of the state (" L ' etat c ' est moi ", so to speak ), and therefore could not be head of himself or herself ( hence many constitutions from the 19th century and earlier make no mention of a " head of state ").

Variations on the term have been " inclusive monotheism " and " monarchical polytheism ", designed to differentiate differing forms of the phenomenon.

A 2012 report by the BBC claimed that " interest in lucid dreaming has grown in recent years ", and corroborated this with examples of the many telephone apps that exist to help people experience the phenomenon.

In his 1991 essay " Viruses of the Mind ", Richard Dawkins used memetics to explain the phenomenon of religious belief and the various characteristics of organised religions.

Epstein's reference to this " phenomenon of an epiphanic being ", which appears through the transduction of sound, proved influential on Schaeffer ’ s concept of reduced listening.

Most researchers of the subject at the time used the perceived light of a dim phosphorescent surface as " detectors ", although work in the period clearly showed the change in brightness to be a physiological phenomenon rather than some actual change in the level of illumination.

After the founding of " Deixa Falar ", the phenomenon of the samba schools took over the scene and helped boost Rio's samba subgenera of Partido Alto, singing and challenging in candomblé terreiros the samba-enredo.

" When Jacobsen took great pains to isolate the plants, he couldn't reproduce the phenomenon ", notes Steven Henikoff.

Leading surrealist André Breton accused Dalí of defending the " new " and " irrational " in " the Hitler phenomenon ", but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, " I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention ".

Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The " city of Bronzes ", for the Riace bronzes which are testimonials of its Greek origins ; the " city of bergamot ", which is exclusively cultivated in the region ; and the " city of Fatamorgana ", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside.

" All your base are belong to us " ( often shortened to " All Your Base ", " AYBABTU ", or simply " AYB ") is a broken English phrase that became an Internet phenomenon or meme.

This introductory scene was translated by Sega of Europe to English from Japanese rather poorly for the European release ( a phenomenon dubbed Engrish ), resulting in dialogue such as " Somebody set up us the bomb ", " All your base are belong to us ", and " You have no chance to survive make your time ".

Johnson went on to say that " by the time I was a third of the way through, I had to suppress a strong impulse to throw the thing away ", Although Johnson recognised that in Bond there " was a social phenomenon of some importance ", this was as a negative element, as the phenomenon concerned three " three basic ingredients in Dr No, all unhealthy, all thoroughly English: the sadism of a schoolboy bully, the mechanical, two-dimensional sex-longings of a frustrated adolescent, and the crude, snob-cravings of a suburban adult.

In 1819 Edward D. Clarke and in 1822 René Juste Haüy described fluorescence in fluorites, Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833 and Sir John Herschel did the same for quinine in 1845.

In 1972, the same phenomenon was observed in helium-3, but at temperatures much closer to absolute zero, by American physicists Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, and Robert C. Richardson.

While modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, H. D., and Louis Zukofsky, there were important British modernist poets, including David Jones, Hugh MacDiarmid, Basil Bunting, and W. H. Auden.

" Anthropologist David D. Gilmore argues that while misogyny is a " near-universal phenomenon " there is no female equivalent to misogyny.

David Turner, a retired physical chemist, suggested that ball lightning, another phenomenon, could cause inanimate objects to move erratically.

In it, he is interviewed for 80 minutes by UFOlogist David Sereda where he discusses in depth every aspect of the UFO phenomenon, and reveals specifically that they are blue, not green, but appear that way because of a filter.

David Anthony notes, " About 20 % of Scythian-Sarmatian " warrior graves " on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons.

*" David Norris campaign was a political phenomenon ", The Guardian

David Anthony notes, " About 20 % of Scythian-Sarmatian " warrior graves " on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons.

Reona Esaki also known as Leo Esaki ( 江崎 玲於奈 Esaki Reona, born March 12, 1925 ) is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling.

By contrast, it is thought by many mind-body dualists ( e. g. René Descartes, David Chalmers ) that subjective conscious experience constitutes a separate effect that demands another cause, a cause that is either outside the physical world ( dualism ) or due to an as yet unknown physical phenomenon ( see for instance Quantum mind, Indirect realism ).

David C. Lane, a philosophy professor, discusses the phenomenon of those American teachers.

" England legend David Beckham said: " Cristiano Ronaldo is a phenomenon and one of the best players in the world.

The philosopher David Chalmers maintains that a neural correlate of consciousness, unlike other correlates such as for memory, will fail to offer a satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon.

The phenomenon is notably explored in the David Lynch film Lost Highway, in which the character of Mr Eddy severely beats a man who was tailgating him on Mulholland Drive.

This phenomenon was also independently and simultaneously discovered by David Baltimore, with whom Temin shared the Nobel Prize.

From 1966 to 1971, David portrayed various characters on ABC's daytime phenomenon Dark Shadows.

* David A. Feingold's 2003 documentary Trading Women explores the phenomenon of women from the surrounding countries being trafficked into Thailand.

) Still, as film critic and historian David Thomson asked, " Is there a greater contrast between energy and routine than that between Elvis Presley the phenomenon, live and on record, and Presley the automaton on film?

It is a traditional phenomenon that has been closely investigated and documented in the western world during the 20th century by anthropologists and folklorists such as Iona Opie ; street photographers such as Roger Mayne, Helen Levitt, David Trainer, Humphrey Spender and Robert Doisneau ; urbanists such as Colin Ward and Robin Moore, as well as being described in countless novels of childhood.

Following in the tradition of Michel Foucault, scholars such as Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and David Halperin have argued that various Victorian public discourses, notably the psychiatric and the legal, fostered a designation or invention of the " homosexual " as a distinct category of individuals, a category solidified by the publications of sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing ( 1840 – 1902 ) and Havelock Ellis ( 1859 – 1939 ), sexologists who provided an almost-pathological interpretation of the phenomenon in rather Essentialist terms, an interpretation that led, before 1910, to hundreds of articles on the subject in The Netherlands, Germany, and elsewhere.

His 1973 Wolfpack team was undefeated ( 27 – 0 ), but missed that year's NCAA tournament due to questions about the recruiting of high school phenomenon David Thompson.

Some time after the phenomenon had waned, Temple University historian David Michael Jacobs noted a few interesting facts: the accounts of the prominent contactees grew ever more elaborate, and as new claimants gained notoriety, they typically backdated their first encounter, claiming it occurred earlier than anyone else's.

David Brin's Uplift Universe novels ( 1980-1998 ) focus on the closely related phenomenon of biological uplift.