As terrestrial mammals, we are most familiar with photosynthetic plants such as trees.

This is distributed in the conclusion ( the last statement ) because we are making a claim about a property of all mammals: that they are not cats.

However, it is not distributed in the major premise ( the first statement ) where we are only talking about a property of some mammals: Only some mammals are dogs.

The classic example is the ear ossicles of mammals, which we know from palaeontological and embrological studies originated in the upper and lower jaws and the hyoid of their Synapsid ancestors, and further back still were part of the gill arches of early fish.

This similarity between whales and ancient mammal ancestors is in conflict with the tree we accept, since it implies that the mammals with hair should form a group excluding whales.

Laboratory animals ( mammals, e. g. mice ) are first exposed to an antigen to which we are interested in isolating an antibody against.

Since larger land-bound herbivores were absent following the extinction of the dinosaurs, the shift in diet from insectivorous to more herbivorous trophic categories triggered the tremendous evolutionary radiation of the condylarths that we can observe throughout the Paleocene, resulting in the different groups of ungulates ( or " hoofed mammals ") that form the dominant herbivores in most Cenozoic animal communities on land, except on the island continent of Australia.

As school progressed and we learned more about animals the concept changed to incorporate everything from mammals to amphibians to fish.

Also we may find mammals like the European Polecat ( Mustela putorius ), the Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), the European Otter ( Lutra lutra ), the Water Vole ( Arvicola amphibius ), as well as the ones that live in proximities of the wetlands: the European Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), the Cape Hare ( Lepus capensis ), the Least Weasel ( Mustela nivalis ) or the Boar ( Sus scrofa ).

Two theories of the direct initiation of apoptotic mechanisms in mammals have been suggested: the TNF-induced ( tumour necrosis factor ) model and the Fas-Fas ligand-mediated model, both involving receptors of the TNF receptor ( TNFR ) family coupled to extrinsic signals.

Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniotes via the therapsids.

Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation, urination, and reproduction ; males have one opening for defecation and another for both urination and reproduction, although the channels flowing to that orifice are almost completely separate.

They were considered a suborder of the primitive ungulate mammals and have since been shown to represent a polyphyletic group.

In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have turned out to be relevant to humans.

In biology, borates have low toxicity in mammals ( similar to table salt ), but are more toxic to arthropods and are used as insecticides.

The skull has a highly developed zygomatic arch just behind the maxilla ( common to all mammals and their cynodont forebears ), and they have ossified external auditory bullae.

The Liaoning lagerstätte ( Chaomidianzi formation ) in China provides a glimpse of life in the Early Cretaceous, where preserved remains of numerous types of small dinosaurs, birds, and mammals have been found.

At the end of the Cretaceous there seem to have been no purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals.

At the end of the Cretaceous there seems to have been no purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals.

Other carnivorous animals, and some mammals such as apes, rabbits, and spider monkeys, also have a well-developed clitoris.

They consume many different kinds of fungi, including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees, and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps ( truffles ) which have co-evolved with these and other mycophagous mammals and thus lost the ability to disperse their spores through the air.

The parvoviruses have frequently invaded the germ lines of diverse animal species including mammals, fishes, birds, tunicates, arthropods and flatworms.

After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals have been cloned, including horses and bulls.

' A modern respondent might say they are both mammals ( an abstract, or a priori answer, which depends only on the meanings of the words ' dog ' and ' rabbit ' ), whereas someone a century ago might have said that humans catch rabbits with dogs ( a concrete, or a posteriori answer, which depended on what happened to be the case at that time ).

Since the first commercial cultivation of genetically modified plants in 1996, they have been modified to be tolerant to the herbicides glufosinate and glyphosate, to be resistant to virus damage as in Ringspot virus-resistant GM papaya, grown in Hawaii, and to produce the Bt toxin, an insecticide that is documented as non-toxic to mammals.

Scientists have genetically engineered several organisms, including some mammals, to include green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) for medical research purposes ( Chalfie, Shimoura, and Tsien were awarded the Nobel prize in 2008 for GFP ).

The giraffe's molars have a rougher surface than those of some other mammals.

Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an increase of LH right before ovulation.

Many mammals have fur and other hairs that serve different functions.

The more advanced, smaller therapsids could have had a combination of hair and scutes, a combination still found in some modern mammals, such as rodents and the opossum.

Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also.

Aside from the mammary glands that produce a specialized sweat called milk, most mammals just have apocrine sweat glands on their armpits and loin.

They usually have well-developed insulation in order to retain body heat, fur in the case of mammals and feathers in birds.

There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in spatial memory and navigation in fishes, birds, reptiles, and mammals.

An article in the Albany Times-Union cites Roland Kays, curator of mammals at the State Museum of New York, as contending that preliminary results of DNA evidence in eastern coyotes suggests interbreeding and a genetic makeup of 85 – 90 % coyote, perhaps 10 % wolf and slightly less than 5 % dog.

' Basing his reasoning on his belief that all the enzymatic material needed to produce DMT is found in the pineal gland ( see evidence in mammals ), and moreover in substantially greater concentrations than in any other part of the body, Strassman ( p. 69 ) has speculated that DMT is made in the pineal gland.

Extinction of animals and plants caused by human actions may go as far back as the late Pleistocene, over 12, 000 years BP, but there is no direct evidence for this theory and it is more likely abrupt climate change played a much higher role in the extinction of larger mammals.

Most morphological evidence comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth and structure of the reproductive and waste elimination systems favors a closer evolutionary relationship between marsupials and placental mammals than either with the monotremes.

Most genetic and molecular evidence also supports grouping marsupials and placental mammals as a single clade, subclass Theria.

Because they lack characteristics believed to be present in the common ancestor of other known eutherian mammals, some weak morphological evidence suggests that the Xenarthra are outside the Epitheria, which contains all other known eutherians today.

There is evidence that fleas from other mammals have a role in human plague outbreaks.

Gee also stated that, while purely aquatic mammals such as whales show strong skeletal evidence of adaptation to water, humans and human fossils lack such adaptations ( a comment made by others as well ); that there are many hypothetical and equally plausible scenarios explaining the unique characteristics of human adaptation without involving an aquatic phase of evolution ; and that proponents are basing arguments about past adaptations on present physiology, when humans are not significantly aquatic.

Moreover, the evidence suggest that in mammals under normal conditions, mostly of the lymph is returned to the blood stream through the lymphatico-venous communications at the base of the neck.

There have been claims of prey depletion by seabirds of fishery stocks, and while there is some evidence of this, the effects of seabirds are considered smaller than that of marine mammals and predatory fish ( like tuna ).

It was once thought that the main pollinators were bats ; however recent evidence suggests that two nocturnal arboreal mammals, the kinkajou and the olingo, may be the primary pollinators.

There is more uncertainty and mixed evidence as to whether milder degrees of stress or early-life undernutrition can accelerate puberty in girls as would be predicted by life history theory and demonstrated in many other mammals.

While there is considerable evidence for faunal interchange of dinosaurs in the Campanian and Maastrichtian phases of the Late Cretaceous, mammals, however, seem not to have dispersed so easily, perhaps because of their relatively small size.

This genus of burrowing multituberculate mammals used to provide the earliest direct evidence of mammal fur.

These were the first gondwanathere mammals to be found outside of Argentina and provided evidence that the mammal faunas of the different Gondwanan ( southern ) continents were similar to each other.

Recent molecular evidence, however, strongly supports a superorder Afrotheria which unites tenrecs, and golden moles with certain mammals previously presumed to be ungulates, including hyraxes, sirenians, aardvarks and elephants, as well as the elephant shrews.

Likewise, there is no evidence for any accessory olfactory bulb in adult human beings, and the key genes involved in VNO function in other mammals have pseudogeneized in human beings.

However although other Paleogene mammals have been interpreted as related to Dermopterans, the evidence for this is uncertain and many of them are no longer interpreted as being gliding mammals.

These opinions are now supported by many genetic studies suggesting an association between Tenrecomorpha and various other African mammals in a proposed superorder known as Afrotheria ; however there is no strong morphological evidence to link the Afrosoricida together with other Afrotherians.

Although morphological evidence continues to support the position of paenungulates with the ungulates, the molecular evidence suggests that Paenungulata is part of the cohort Afrotheria, an ancient assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity.

The sloth bear bears evidence of having undergone a convergent evolution similar to that of other ant-eating mammals.

In this paper he made public the results of his discoveries in the cave of Aurignac, where evidence existed of the contemporaneous existence of man and extinct mammals.