The Finnish markka (,, currency code: FIM ) was the currency of Finland from 1860 until 28 February 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender.

The markka was replaced by the euro (€), which had been introduced, in cash form, on 1 January 2002, after a transitional period of three years when the euro was the official currency but only existed as ' book money '.

The markka was divided into 100 pennies (, with numbers penniä, ), postfixed " p ").

In 1865 the markka was separated from the Russian ruble and tied to the value of silver.

The gold standard was abolished in 1940, and the markka suffered heavy inflation during the war years.

In 1963 the markka was replaced by the new markka, equivalent to 100 old units.

The value of markka was pegged to the dollar at 320 mk /$, which became 3. 20 new mk /$ in 1963 and devalued to 4. 20 mk /$ in 1967.

The monetary policy called " strong markka policy " ( vahvan markan politiikka ) was a characteristic feature of the 1980s and early 1990s.

As a result, the nominal value of markka was extremely high and in the year 1990, Finland was nominally the most expensive country in the world.

In 1991, markka was pegged to the currency basket ECU, but the peg had to be withdrawn after two months with a devaluation of 12 %.

As a result, by some opinions years overdue, the artificial fixed exchange rate was abandoned and the markka was floated.

The Finnish markka was added into the ERM system in 1996 and then became a fraction of the euro in 1999, physical euro money arriving later in 2002.

( Nokia, formerly traded in markka, was in 2000 the European company with the highest market capitalization.

The name " markka " was based on a medieval unit of weight.

Although the word " markka " predates the currency by several centuries, the currency was established before being named " markka ".

In Helsinki slang, the post-1963 new markka was known as huge ( from Swedish hundra " hundred ").

When the markka was introduced, coins were minted in copper ( 1, 5 and 10 penniä ), silver ( 25 and 50 penniä, 1 and 2 markkaa ) and gold ( 10 and 20 markkaa ).

In 1952, a new coinage was introduced, with smaller iron ( later nickel plated ) 1 and 5 markka coins alongside aluminium-bronze 10, 20 and 50 markka and ( from 1956 ) silver 100 and 200 markka denominations.

After the First World War, silver and gold issues were ceased and cupro-nickel 25 and 50 penniä and 1 markka coins were introduced in 1921, followed by aluminium-bronze 5, 10 and 20 markkaa between 1928 and 1931.

He also designed the Finnish markka banknotes introduced in 1922.

He designed the Finnish markka banknotes introduced in 1955.

Since 1809, the Grand Duchy had benefited from a customs organization, an independent domestic state budget, its own currency ( Finnish markka, since 1860 ) and the industrial progress during 1860 – 1916.

** Finnish markka, mark in Swedish, official currency of Finland from 1860 to 2001

" 1 markka " banknote from 1860

* Finnish markka, the official currency of Finland from 1860 to 2001

** Finnish mark or markka, the currency of Finland from 1860 to 2001.

During the Second World War, copper replaced cupro-nickel in the 25 and 50 penniä and 1 markka, followed by an issue of iron 10, 25 and 50 penniä and 1 markka.

All coins below 1 markka had ceased to be produced by 1948.

This section covers the last design series of the Finnish markka, designed in the 1980s by Finnish designer Erik Bruun and issued in 1986.

It was sold by units instead of by weight-in the time of the Finnish markka, even candy costing 1 penni ( 0. 01 markka ) per unit was available.

It has been speculated that if Finland had not joined the euro, market fluctuations such as the tech bubble would have reflected as wild fluctuations in the price of markka.

Unlike many other European countries, Finland did not choose deflationary solutions under his leadership ; and in 1926 the country shifted to the gold markka.

* Finnish markka, the ISO 4217 code for the former currency of Finland

He has also suggested that Finland ought to readopt the Finnish markka alongside the euro.

Saimaa ringed seal featured at the Finnish 5 Finnish markka | markka coin.

The dual circulation period – when both the Finnish markka and the euro had legal tender status – ended on 28 February 2002.

Both " markka " and " penni " are similar to words used in Germany for that country's former currency, based on the same roots as the German Mark and pfennig.

When the euro replaced markka, mummonmarkka " grandma's markka " ( sometimes shortened to just mummo ) became a new slang term for the old currency.

The sometimes used " old markka " can be misleading, since it can also be used to refer to the pre-1963 markka.

The formal displacement of the geocentric principle far from being Copernicus' primary concern, was introduced only to resolve what seemed to him intolerable in orthodox astronomy, namely, the ' unphysical ' triplication of centric reference-points: one center from which the planet's distances were calculated, another around which planetary velocities were computed, and still a third center ( the earth ) from which the observations originated.

When Littlepage was introduced, if the General behaved as usual, the newcomer faced a staccato salvo of queries: origin??

After the Juniors were welcomed and congratulated for qualifying for the Finals of the Junior Class, Mrs. William H. Long, Jr. was introduced as the first speaker.

Louis Sherry once stayed a fortnight at the Palace, and he was so pleased with omelet Arbogast that he introduced it at his restaurant in New York J. Pierpont Morgan had come in his private train to San Francisco, to attend an Episcopal convention, and brought the restaurateur with him.

A back pressure was then introduced, and the rise or fall of the material in the manometer indicated which was greater, the normal pressure in the block or the back pressure.

In short, scientific sampling was introduced in place of subjective sampling.

The latest major change in this program was introduced by the National Defense Education Act of 1958, Title 8, of which amended the George-Barden Act.

The raw sewage was introduced directly under the turbine aerator to insure maximum mixing of the raw sewage with the aeration tank contents.

Urethane foam, as only one example, was only introduced commercially in this country in 1955.

An ex-fighter was introduced to her in a bar as `` Mr. Warfield, the famous producer ''.

He also complained that not enough notice was given on the hearing, since the bill was introduced only last Monday.

The D Minor Sonata, Op. 31 No. 2, introduced by dynamically shaped arpeggios, was most engaging in its moments of quasi-recitative -- single lines in which the fingers seemed to be feeling their way toward the idea to come.

My cousin Alma, at whose home I was staying during the convention, introduced me to a group of young people from Rhode Island.

The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.

He never succeeded in devising such a method, but his best attempt was published in his book Sophist, where he introduced his division method.

At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27, 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced.

In need of a model for his statuette, Gibbons was introduced by his future wife Dolores del Río to Mexican film director and actor Emilio " El Indio " Fernández.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia.

It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.

The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines.

The Afroasiatic language family was originally referred to as " Hamito-Semitic ", a term introduced in the 1860s by the German scholar Karl Richard Lepsius.