It is not known how the name " knapsack problem " originated, though the problem was referred to as such in the early works of mathematician Tobias Dantzig ( 1884 – 1956 ), suggesting that the name could have existed in folklore before a mathematical problem had been fully defined.

* Tobias Dantzig ( 1884 – 1956 ), mathematician from Latvia, father of George Dantzig

Tobias Dantzig ( February 19, 1884 – August 9, 1956 ) was a Baltic German Russian American mathematician, the father of George Dantzig, and the author of Number: The Language of Science ( A critical survey written for the cultured non-mathematician ) ( 1930 ) and Aspects of Science ( New York, Macmillan, 1937 ).

* Tobias Dantzig ( mathematician )

David van Dantzig ( September 23, 1900, Amsterdam – July 22, 1959, Amsterdam ) was a Dutch mathematician, well known for the construction in topology of the dyadic solenoid.

* George Dantzig ( 1914 – 2005 ), American mathematician who introduced the simplex algorithm

* David van Dantzig ( 1900-1959 ), Dutch mathematician

The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 in Arabic, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, " On the Use of the Indian Numerals " ( Ketab fi Isti ' mal al -' Adad al-Hindi ) about 830.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

In 1796, mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace promoted the same idea in the first and second editions of his book Exposition du système du Monde ( it was removed from later editions ).

In about 1150, the Hindu mathematician Bhaskaracharya gave a very clear exposition of binomial coefficients in his book Lilavati.

The original form of the theorem, contained in a third-century AD book The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi ( 孫子算經 ) by Chinese mathematician Sun Tzu and later generalized with a complete solution called Da yan shu ( 大衍术 ) in a 1247 book by Qin Jiushao, the Shushu Jiuzhang ( 數書九章 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections ) is a statement about simultaneous congruences ( see modular arithmetic ).

* John Forbes Nash, Jr. ( born 1928 ), American mathematician, 1994 Nobel Economics laureate, subject of the book and film titled A Beautiful Mind

The rule is named after the 17th-century French mathematician Guillaume de l ' Hôpital, who published the rule in his book Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l ' Intelligence des Lignes Courbes ( literal translation: Analysis of the Infinitely Small for the Understanding of Curved Lines ) ( 1696 ), the first textbook on differential calculus.

For example, in his 1997 book Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought, mathematician Underwood Dudley uses the term to discuss practitioners of the Elliott wave principle of stock market analysis.

Not being a mathematician, she included in the book memorial articles about his mathematical works by Pavel Alexandrov, Vadim Efremovich, Andrei Kolmogorov, Lazar Lyusternik, and Mark Krasnosel ' skii.

Meanwhile, the book was translated into English by C. K. Ogden with help from the Cambridge mathematician and philosopher Frank P. Ramsey, then still in his teens.

The book was once lost in China until Qing dynasty mathematician Luo Shilin bought a Korean printed edtion, and re published in Yangzhou, since then this book was reprinted several times.

** Conon of Samos, Greek mathematician and astronomer whose work on conic sections ( curves of the intersections of a right circular cone with a plane ) serves as the basis for the fourth book of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga ( b. c. 280 BC )

* Croatian mathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his book Machinae novae, a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses, and bridges, and boats for widely different uses.

" For his part, mathematician Norbert Wiener cited Gibbs as a major influence on his conception of cybernetics and explained in his book The Human Use of Human Beings that it was " devoted to the impact of the Gibbsian point of view on modern life, both through the substantive changes it has made to working science, and through the changes it has made indirectly in our attitude to life in general.

His most important work in potential theory is summarised in his 1911 book Researches in Potential Theory ( Potentialtheoretische Untersuchungen ), which received the Jablonowski Society award in Leipzig ( 1500 marks ), and the Richard Lieben award from the University of Vienna ( 2000 crowns ) for the most outstanding work in the field of pure and applied mathematics written by any kind of ' Austrian ' mathematician in the previous three years.

In addition, mathematician Keith Devlin has investigated similar concepts with his book The Math Instinct.

** Theodosius of Bithynia, Greek astronomer and mathematician who will write the Sphaerics, a book on the geometry of the sphere ( d. c. 100 BC )

In his 1820 book The Philosophy of Arithmetic, mathematician John Leslie published a multiplication table up to 99 × 99, which allows numbers to be multiplied in pairs of digits at a time.

It was first used as a symbol for division by the Swiss mathematician Johann Rahn in his book Teutsche Algebra in 1659.

* Conon of Samos, Greek mathematician and astronomer whose work on conic sections ( curves of the intersections of a right circular cone with a plane ) serves as the basis for the fourth book of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga ( b. c. 280 BC )

* Theodosius of Bithynia, Greek astronomer and mathematician who will write the Sphaerics, a book on the geometry of the sphere ( d. c. 100 BC ), later translated from Arabic back into Latin to help restore knowledge of Euclidean geometry to the West.

Euler is the only mathematician to have two numbers named after him: the immensely important Euler's Number in calculus, e, approximately equal to 2. 71828, and the Euler-Mascheroni Constant γ ( gamma ) sometimes referred to as just " Euler's constant ", approximately equal to 0. 57721.

However, the link between the Riemann hypothesis and the Prime Number Theorem had been known before in Continental Europe, and Littlewood also wrote later in his book A mathematician ’ s miscellany that his actually only rediscovered result did not shed a bright light on the isolated state of British mathematics at the time.

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction ( 1977 ) described a practical architectural system in a form that a theoretical mathematician or computer scientist might call a generative grammar.

The name " Erlang ", attributed to Bjarne Däcker, has been understood as a reference to Danish mathematician and engineer Agner Krarup Erlang, and ( initially at least ) simultaneously as an abbreviation of " Ericsson Language ".

It was during this time that French mathematician Louis Couturat formed the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language.

However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.

The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages ( Basic Books ; 2010 ) 310 pages ; shows he was the leading scientist and mathematician of his day.

Science in medieval Islam generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the bounds of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician.

He was a founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and was a distant cousin of the mathematician Arthur Cayley.

Immediately after arriving in Budapest, Milanković met the Director of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Koloman von Szilly who, asa mathematician, eagerly accepted Milanković and enabled in to work undisturbed in the Academy's library and the Central Meteorological Institute.

The mathematician and esotericist R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, however, in his work Sacred Science, reconstructed these dates to conclude that the ancient Egyptians dated their creation to an astronomical ( stellar ) event some 30, 000 years before Herodotus ' own time.

The August 12, 2005, edition of the journal Science includes a report titled " Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru " by anthropologist Gary Urton and mathematician Carrie J. Brezine.

In 1999, four authors, the Australian mathematician Brendan McKay, the Israeli mathematicians Dror Bar-Natan and Gil Kalai, and the Israeli psychologist Maya Bar-Hillel ( collectively known as " MBBK ") published a paper in Statistical Science, in which they argue that the case of Witztum, Rips and Rosenberg ( WRR ) is " fatally defective, indeed that their result merely reflects on the choices made in designing their experiment and collecting the data for it.

Though the concept of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously ( multiple or mobile perspective ) developed by Metzinger and Gleizes was not derived directly from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, it was certainly influenced in a similar way, through the work of Jules Henri Poincaré ( particularly Science and Hypothesis ), the French mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher of science, who made many fundamental contributions to algebraic topology, celestial mechanics, quantum theory and made an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.

The term " ethnomathematics " was introduced by the Brazilian educator and mathematician Ubiratan D ' Ambrosio in 1977 during a presentation for the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

* Hans Freudenthal ( 1905 – 1990 ), Dutch mathematician who had a profound impact on Dutch education and founded the Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education in 1971

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science is a book by biologist Paul R. Gross and mathematician Norman Levitt, published in 1994.

The second book of the mathematician and popular author Martin Gardner was a study of crank beliefs, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.

The expression " the map is not the territory " first appeared in print in a paper that Alfred Korzybski gave at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1931: In Science and Sanity, Korzybski acknowledges his debt to mathematician Eric Temple Bell, whose epigram " the map is not the thing mapped " was published in Numerology.

Cohen and fellow University of Warwick researcher Ian Stewart, a mathematician, collaborated with Terry Pratchett to write three Science of Discworld books, which accompany his Discworld series.

Leonid Genrikhovich Khachiyan (; ; May 3, 1952 – April 29, 2005 ) was a Soviet mathematician of Armenian descent who taught Computer Science at Rutgers University.

; Lawrence Jay Rosenblum: Lawrence J. Rosenblum ( born 1949 ) is an American mathematician, and Program Director for Graphics and Visualization at the National Science Foundation.

Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension " is a paper by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, first published in Science in 1967.

: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life ") is a book about xenobiology by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart.

He was listed in the Chicago Museum of Science and Technology as one of the 88 great mathematician of the world.

Colleagues in the POSSE project included Jonathan M. Smith of the University of Pennsylvania ; Theo de Raadt, project founder and leader of OpenBSD ; Michael B. Greenwald, assistant professor of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania ; Sotiris Ioannidis and Stefan Miltchev, graduate students at the Distributed Systems Lab of the Computer and Information Science department at the University of Pennsylvania ; Ben Laurie, a former mathematician at Cambridge University and technical director of AL Digital Ltd, a director of the Apache Software Foundation and core team member of the OpenSSL Group ; and Angelos Keromytis, at the time an assistant professor of computer science at Columbia University and an OpenBSD core developer.