The maximum angular diameter of any planetary disk as observed from the earth is about 1 minute of arc.

Such permutation tests characterize tests with maximum power against all alternative hypotheses, as observed by Rosenbaum.

Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a sliding retaining wall and he suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for design purposes, was the sum of the soil cohesion,, and friction, where is the normal stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle of the soil.

All methods depend upon an implicit or explicit mathematical model describing the evolution of characters observed in the species included ; all can be, and are, used for molecular data, wherein the characters are aligned nucleotide or amino acid sequences, and all but maximum likelihood ( see below ) can be, and are, used for morphological data.

* The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the intensity of the cause.

The highest observed maximum temperature of 50. 5 ° C ( 122. 9 ° F ) was recorded at Mardie Station on 19 February 1998.

Given the maximum observed frequency ( MOF ) for a mode on each day of the month at a given hour, the MUF is the highest frequency for which an ionospheric communications path is predicted on 50 % of the days of the month.

* Saturation ( genetic ), the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible

However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates ( typically 2-3 °/ min-due to much heavier crucible ) and unknonwn activation energy, it is necessary to deduct about 75-100 ° C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material.

The maximum incubation period reported is as long as 30 years, or over, as observed among war veterans known to have been exposed for short periods in endemic areas but otherwise living in non-endemic areas.

Suppose we wish to find the maximum likelihood estimate of β for a single observed value x.

A common choice of estimate is the one provided by the principle of maximum likelihood, and using this yields the predictive density over a future sample x < sub > n + 1 </ sub >, conditioned on the observed samples x = ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >, ..., x < sub > n </ sub >) given by

The data signaling rate actually observed on real networks is less than the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header and trailer ( addressing and error-detection bits ) on every frame, the occasional " lost frame " due to noise, and time waiting after each sent frame for other devices on the network to finish transmitting.

This theory is most commonly applied to the maximum or minimum observed stream flows of a given river.

In desert areas where there are only ephemeral washes, this method is applied to the maximum observed rainfall over a given period of time ( 24-hours, 6-hours, or 3-hours ).

In other words the maximum river flow rate from 1984 cannot be found to be significantly correlated with the observed flow rate in 1985.

The second way to decrease the uncertainty of the extreme event is to forecast a value which is less than the maximum observed value ( e. g. the maximum rainfall event on record is 5. 25 inches / hour, so the 100-year storm event should be less than this ).

However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates ( typically 2-3 °/ min-due to much heavier crucible ) and unknown activation energy, it is necessary to deduct about 75-100 ° C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material.

* Logistic regression — maximum likelihood estimation of assuming that the observed training set was generated by a binomial model that depends on the output of the classifier.

Around 40 MB / s of throughput was observed ( the theoretical maximum for MCA was 66 MB / s ), although some higher throughput functions of the Microchannel bus were not initially supported on cards operating on an Intel platform.

In general, for a fixed set of data and underlying statistical model, the method of maximum likelihood selects values of the model parameters that produce a distribution that gives the observed data the greatest probability ( i. e., parameters that maximize the likelihood function ).

* Maximum life span, the maximum lifespan observed in a group

The solar cycle takes an average of about 11 years to go from one solar maximum to the next, with an observed variation in duration of 9 to 14 years for any given solar cycle.

Developed by the GNU Project, GNU m4 is designed to avoid many kinds of limits found in traditional m4 implementations, such as maximum line lengths, maximum size of a macro and number of macros.

A more typical consumer zoom will have a variable maximum relative aperture, since it is harder and more expensive to keep the maximum relative aperture proportional to focal length at long focal lengths ; 3. 5 to 5. 6 is an example of a common variable aperture range in a consumer zoom lens.

Their average growth rate by weight is about half the growth rate of domesticated carp They do not reach the lengths and weights of domesticated carp, which ( range, 3. 2 – 4. 8 times ) can grow to a maximum length of, a maximum weight of over, and an oldest recorded age of at least 65 years, but reliable information seems to exist about nishikigoi of over 100 years.

* Small maximum aperture: it is not feasible to make long focal length lenses with the wide maximum apertures available with shorter focal lengths.

Many allowed full filename lengths of 14 or more characters, and maximum name lengths up to 255 were not uncommon.

It follows from the latter equation that the area of a cyclic quadrilateral is the maximum possible area for any quadrilateral with the given side lengths.

For example, the Waldmeier effect is the phenomenon that cycles with larger maximum amplitudes tend to take less time to reach their maxima than cycles with smaller amplitudes ; there is also a negative correlation between maximum amplitudes and the lengths of earlier cycles, which allows a degree of prediction.

* Several commonly used quality measures concern lengths of edges: it is generally desirable to minimize the total length of the edges as well as the maximum length of any edge.

They also transform the nonogram into a digital tomography problem by replacing the sequence of block lengths in each row and column by its sum, and use a maximum flow formulation to determine whether this digital tomography problem combining all of the rows and columns has any squares whose state can be determined or pairs of squares that can be connected by an implication relation.

The biggest skull of a Siberian tiger from Manchuria measured in length, which is about more than the maximum skull lengths achieved by tigers from the Amur region and northern India.

The Paracheirodon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 3 cm ( 1. 25 in ), and are of elongated, tetra shape.

Wadcutters have also found favor for use in self-defense guns, such as. 38 caliber snub-nosed revolvers, where due to short barrel lengths, maximum bullet velocities are usually low, typically under 900 ft / s ( 274 m / s ), and improved lethality is desired.

All small fishes, they reach maximum lengths of 2. 5 – 14 cm ( 1. 0 – 5. 5 in ).

Female sharks grow larger than males in the North Atlantic, with maximum confirmed fork lengths ( snout tip to caudal fin fork ) of for males and for females.

For regions inside the polar circles, the maximum lengths of the time that the sun is completely below the horizon varies from about 20 hours at the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle to 179 days at the Poles.

Two lengths, 55 and 70 feet, were offered ; either could be fitted out with a large mail and express area ahead of the center doors, a smaller mail / express area, or the car could be all seats for a maximum capacity of 64 or 105 respectively.

Lenses of identical focal lengths and maximum apertures that spanned both generations, in addition to their altered mounts, were typically smaller and lighter in the New FD generation, and usually used smaller diameter filters.

All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 2 – 7 cm ( 0. 75 – 2. 75 in ).