Studying these borophiles may help illuminate the mechanisms of both boron toxicity and boron deficiency.

Genetic inactivation (" knockout ") of SOD produces deleterious phenotypes in organisms ranging from bacteria to mice and have provided important clues as to the mechanisms of toxicity of superoxide in vivo.

The mechanisms include the chemical toxicity or physical irritating ability of:

Most probiotic bifidobacteria do not grow well in the presence of oxygen, although, many bifidobacteria have enzymatic mechanisms to limit the oxygen toxicity.

To investigate mechanisms of the testicular toxicity of nefiracetam and to find sensitive parameters to predict the toxicity, male beagle dogs were orally administered 180 or 300mg / kg per day of the drug once and for 1 and 4 weeks.

Finally, a recent proteomics study showed that human amylin shares common toxicity targets with beta-amyloid ( Abeta ), providing evidence that type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease share common toxicity mechanisms.

Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns ( i. e., molecular biomarkers ) that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.

In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.

Furthermore, it has made an exact assessment of the removal mechanisms possible.

Instead, evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms such as emotions that promote altruistic behaviors.

Since the 1980s, the People's Republic of China has constructed a new legal framework for administrative law, establishing control mechanisms for overseeing the bureaucracy and disciplinary committees for the Communist Party of China.

The dominant mechanisms ( to which recent climate change has been attributed ) are anthropogenic, i. e., the result of human activity.

The large number of experiments exploring the physics and chemistry of these so-called " colloidal crystals " has emerged as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids ( both polymer and mineral ) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order formation.

The United States of America, a signatory who has not yet ratified the treaty, has produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species Recovery Programs and other mechanisms long in place in the USA for species conservation.

Once the virus has infected the cell, it will start replicating itself, using the mechanisms of the infected host cell.

Like many programming languages, Perl has mechanisms to use external libraries of code, making one file contain common routines used by several programs.

Although the catapult has been used since ancient times, it has proven to be one of the most effective mechanisms during warfare.

In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis.

Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of cholera, this has not led to a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen some places and not others.

The only known mechanisms for the creation of magnetic dipoles are by current loops or quantum-mechanical spin since the existence of magnetic monopoles has never been experimentally demonstrated.

During this period, which has been called " the eclipse of Darwinism ", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable.

Central planning has been criticized by socialists who advocated decentralized mechanisms of economic coordination, including Leon Trotsky and Peter Kropotkin before the Austrian school critique, and later by Janos Kornai and Alec Nove.

Exact mechanisms are unclear, but it often fails in areas where populations are culturally segregated, as when the U. S. Indian school service failed to suppress Lakota and Navaho, or when a culture has widely respected autonomous cultural institutions, as when the Spanish failed to suppress Catalan.

The focus of research during the last century has been to understand the physical mechanisms behind friction.

That constitution delineates mechanisms for amending it, but it also declares eight articles immutable and unalterable and not subject to change, which include a guarantees of a republican form of government, and an explicit prohibition against presidential candidacy of anyone who has been president previously at any time or for any reason.

Research into modes and mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance is still in its scientific infancy, however, this area of research has attracted much recent activity as it broadens the scope of heritability and evolutionary biology in general.

Halfbakery has a variety of mechanisms for creating and discussing ideas.

While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance.

Gopsill has suggested that Interlingua's freedom from irregularities allowed the students to grasp the mechanisms of language quickly.

Though the Internet has allowed the global explosion of collectively authored comedy, its precursors existed on bulletin boards, corporate messaging systems, and even through such low-tech mechanisms as the facsimile since at least the 1970s.

The pamphlets are about law, the corporation, forms of government, the idea of freedom, the defense of liberty, the various lethargies which overtake our major institutions, the gap between traditional social ideals and the working mechanisms that have been set in motion for their realization.

The detailed mechanisms of this type of failure have been studied extensively by Merchant for metal cutting, and the principles found can be directly applied to coatings.

Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains.

Several proteins are involved, but two main methods of regulation have been identified: targeting mitochondria functionality, or directly transducing the signal via adaptor proteins to the apoptotic mechanisms.

Two theories of the direct initiation of apoptotic mechanisms in mammals have been suggested: the TNF-induced ( tumour necrosis factor ) model and the Fas-Fas ligand-mediated model, both involving receptors of the TNF receptor ( TNFR ) family coupled to extrinsic signals.

Multiple mechanisms have been proposed.

The government took no action, and handed the final parts of Bakassi over to Cameroon on 14 August 2008 as planned, but a Federal High Court had stated this should be delayed until all accommodations for resettled Bakassians had been settled ; the government did not seem to plan to heed this court order, and did set the necessary mechanisms into motion to override it.

Some theorists, however, have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions, and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces.

Three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the genotoxicity of chromium ( VI ).

Handheld crossbows with complex bronze trigger mechanisms have also been found with the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shihuang ( r. 221 – 210 BC ) that are similar to specimens from the subsequent Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – 220 AD ), while crossbowmen described in the Qin and Han Dynasty learned drill formations, some were even mounted as cavalry units, and Han Dynasty writers attributed the success of numerous battles against the Xiongnu to massed crossbow fire.

Today some of Lyell's mechanisms for geologic processes have been disproven, though many have stood the test of time.

Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell.

Four distinct mechanisms for synthesis have been described.

Several mechanisms have been proposed through which warmth builds up in equatorial Pacific surface waters, and is then dispersed to lower depths by an El Niño event.

Granitic magma must make room for itself or be intruded into other rocks in order to form an intrusion, and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how large batholiths have been emplaced: