The mere-exposure effect originally referred to the tendency of a person to positively favor those who they have been physically exposed to most often.

The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

The scholar who is best known for developing the mere-exposure effect is Robert Zajonc.

This observation led to the research and development of the mere-exposure effect.

One experiment that was conducted to test the mere-exposure effect used fertile chicken eggs for the test subjects.

Zajonc tested the mere-exposure effect by using meaningless Chinese characters on two groups of individuals.

According to Zajonc, the mere-exposure effect is capable of taking place without conscious cognition, and that " preferences need no inferences ".

In regards to the mere-exposure effect and decision making, Zajonc states that there has been no empirical proof that cognition precedes any form of decision making.

Charles Goetzinger conducted an experiment using the mere-exposure effect on his class at Oregon State University.

Goetzinger's experiment was to observe if the students would treat the black bag in accordance to Zajonc's mere-exposure effect.

This experiment confirms Zajonc's mere-exposure effect, by simply presenting the black bag over and over again to the students their attitudes were changed, or as Zajonc states " mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it ".

A meta-analysis of 208 experiments found that the mere-exposure effect is robust and reliable, with an effect size of r = 0. 26.

Later studies observed that perceptual fluency is affectively positive, confirming the second part of the fluency account of the mere-exposure effect.

The most obvious application of the mere-exposure effect is found in advertising, but research has been mixed as to its effectiveness at enhancing consumer attitudes toward particular companies and products.

One study tested the mere-exposure effect with banner ads seen on a computer screen.

This research bolsters the evidence for the mere-exposure effect.

In the advertising world, the mere-exposure effect suggests that consumers need not cognize advertisements: the simple repetition is enough to make a ' memory trace ' in the consumer's mind and unconsciously affect their consuming behavior.

The mere-exposure effect exists in most areas of human decision making.

The mere-exposure effect also distorts the results of journal ranking surveys ; those academics who previously published or completed reviews for a particular academic journal rate it dramatically higher than those who did not.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

I believe that what I do has some effect on his actions and I have learned, in a way, to commune with drunks, but certainly my actions seem to resemble more nearly the performance of a rain dance than the carrying out of an experiment in physics.

The major effect of these advances appears to lie in the part they have played in the industrial revolution and in the tools which scientific understanding has given us to build and manipulate a more protective environment.

But for those which do, the slow growth of the area has a retarding effect on the metropolitan core.

The Nashville plan, incidentally, has become recognized as perhaps the most acceptable and thus the most practical to put into effect in the troubled South.

Since the Connally amendment has the effect of giving the same right to the other party to a dispute with the United States, it also prevents us from using the court effectively.

The effect of Chou En-lai's clash with Khrushchev, together with the everlasting attacks on Molotov & Co., has shifted the whole attention of the world, including that of the Soviet people, from the `` epoch-making '' twenty-year program to the present Soviet-Chinese conflict.

However, because this vulnerability is mutual, it is to the advantage of neither side to destroy the opponent's cities, at least so long as the opponent has nuclear weapons with which to effect reprisal.

Without losing the distinctive undertow of Brahmsian rhythm, the pacing is firm and the over-all performance has a tightly knit quality that makes for maximum cumulative effect.

Steinberg obviously has concluded that it is the lyric element which must dominate in this score, and he manages at times to create the effect of the whole orchestra bursting into song.

De Jager ( 1955 ) has calculated the times required for these particles to reach the atmosphere under the influence of the Poynting-Robertson effect, which in this case causes the orbits to become more and more eccentric without changing the semi-major axis.

The major reason for this is that it has no quick-kill effect.

For the industry of this model, the effect of such public pressures in the past has been to hold the price well below the short-run profit-maximizing price ( given the wage rate and the level of GNP ), and even below the entry-limited price ( but not below average cost ).

Once he has been identified, however, a new melody is used to accompany his narrative, a bleak motif with barren octaves creating a rather ancient effect:

The effect is that the platform returns from an off-level position at a rapid rate until it is nearly level, at which point the platform is controlled by a proportional servo with low enough frequency response so that the noise has little effect on the leveling process.

Contemporary furniture that is neither Danish nor straight-line modern but has sculptured pattern, many design facets, warmth, dignity and an effect of utter comfort and livability.

Expressions of even low-key dissatisfaction by a Catholic college faculty member has the effect of confirming the already existing stereotype.

One frequently has the feeling that the order of their movement combinations could be transposed without notable loss of effect, there is too little suggestion of organic relationship and development.

; Fixed effect: An effect associated with an input variable that has a limited number of levels or in which only a limited number of levels are of interest to the experimenter.

Later experiments are often designed to test a hypothesis that a treatment effect has an important magnitude ; in this case, the number of experimental units is chosen so that the experiment is within budget and has adequate power, among other goals.

Sometimes, the appellate court finds a defect in the procedure the parties used in filing the appeal and dismisses the appeal without considering its merits, which has the same effect as affirming the judgment below.

The Supreme Court of Virginia has stated that '" This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to " annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.