The active ingredients are usually alcohol, chlorhexidine gluconate ,, cetylpyridinium chloride hexetidine, benzoic acid ( acts as a buffer ), methyl salicylate, benzalkonium chloride, methylparaben, hydrogen peroxide, domiphen bromide and sometimes fluoride, enzymes, and calcium.

One manifestation of this enhanced reactivity is the photochemical chlorination of the methyl group in toluene to give benzyl chloride.

A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate ( as dietary supplements ), zinc chloride ( in deodorants ), zinc pyrithione ( anti-dandruff shampoos ), zinc sulfide ( in luminescent paints ), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

For example, at any given temperature, methyl chloride has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart.

It also has the lowest normal boiling point (- 24. 2 ° C ), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride ( the blue line ) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere ( atm ) of absolute vapor pressure.

His new process made possible using gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) and methyl chloride ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > Cl ) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.

These refrigerants were considered at the time to be less harmful than the commonly-used refrigerants of the time, including methyl formate, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide.

* Lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride

* When a 0. 1 M hydrochloric acid solution containing methyl green indicator is added to a 5 M solution of magnesium chloride, the color of the indicator changes from green to yellow — indicating increasing acidity — when in fact the acid has been diluted.

During the 1990s, former Boston Fire Fighter and researcher Charles Kenney discovered and concluded that the presence of a highly flammable gas propellant in the refrigeration systems – methyl chloride – greatly contributed to the flashover and quick spread of the fire ( there was a shortage of Freon refrigerant in 1942 due to the war effort ).

Common indicators are cobalt ( II ) chloride and methyl violet.

It was the heptamethylbenzenium ion, made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride.

A development attracting attention in 2008 concerns a S < sub > N </ sub > 2 roundabout mechanism observed in a gas-phase reaction between chloride ions and methyl iodide with a special technique called crossed molecular beam imaging.

When the chloride ions have sufficient velocity, the energy of the resulting iodide ions after the collision is much lower than expected, and it is theorized that energy is lost as a result of a full roundabout of the methyl group around the iodine atom before the actual displacement takes place.

Today there are primarily seven commodity polymers in use: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and poly ( methyl methacrylate ) ( Plexiglass ).

Polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly ( methyl methacrylate ) are sensitive to oxidation and UV radiation, while PVC may discolour at high temperatures due to loss of hydrogen chloride gas, and become very brittle.

Early mechanical refrigeration systems employed sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and Ammonia.

Being toxic, sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride rapidly disappeared from the market with the introduction of CFCs.

A good example of a substitution reaction is the photochemical chlorination of methane forming methyl chloride.

The original formulation consisted of 1 % phenacyl chloride ( CN ) in a solvent of 2-butanol, propylene glycol, cyclohexene, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.

The HAP emissions associated with polyurethane foam production include methylene chloride, toluene diisocyanate, methyl chloroform, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, propylene oxide, diethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, and toluene however not all chemical emissions associated with the production of these material have been classified.

The most widely used member of this class of compounds is methyl vinyl ketone, CH < sub > 3 </ sub > C ( O ) CH = CH < sub > 2 </ sub >, which is useful in Robinson annulation reaction.

Demethylation ( the transfer of the methyl group to another compound ) is a common process, and reagents that undergo this reaction are called methylating agents.

Examples are methyl nitrate formed by reaction of methanol and nitric acid, the nitrate of tartaric acid, and the inaccurately named nitroglycerin ( which is actually an organic nitrate compound, not a nitro compound ).

This free-energy relationship relates the pseudo first order reaction rate constant ( in water at 25 ° C ), k, of a reaction, normalized to the reaction rate, k < sub > 0 </ sub >, of a standard reaction with water as the nucleophile, to a nucleophilic constant n for a given nucleophile and a substrate constant s that depends on the sensitivity of a substrate to nucleophilic attack ( defined as 1 for methyl bromide ).

Reversible reaction of glutathione ( top ) with methyl isocyanate ( MIC, middle ) allows the MIC to be transported into the body

Biolipid transesterification has also been recently shown by Japanese researchers to be possible using a super-critical methanol methodology, whereby high temperature, high-pressure vessels are used to physically catalyze the Biolipid / methanol reaction into fatty-acid methyl esters.

Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene and by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and methyl vinyl ether followed by hydrolysis.

* the Chugaev reaction with a methyl xanthate leaving group

In the transition state leading to the iminium ion ( σ-complex ), the methyl group migrates to the nitrogen atom in a concerted reaction and the hydroxyl group is expulsed.

Examples are the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate and sodium nitrite in acetic acid, the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone with ethyl nitrite in hydrochloric acid.

It is synthesized in the haloform reaction by the reaction of iodine and sodium hydroxide with any one of these four kinds of organic compounds: ( i ) a methyl ketone: CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COR, acetaldehyde ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CHO ), ethanol ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CH < sub > 2 </ sub > OH ), and certain secondary alcohols ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CHROH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group ).

The reaction of iodine and base with methyl ketones is so reliable, that the " iodoform test " ( the appearance of a yellow precipitate ) is used to probe the presence of a methyl ketone.

No reaction takes place when these bulky groups are replaced by smaller methyl groups.

In the syn-selective reactions, both enolization methods give the Z enolate, as expected ; however, the stereochemical outcome of the reaction is controlled by the methyl stereocenter, rather than the chirality of the oxazolidinone.

Chemically, uracil is similar to thymine, differing only by a methyl group, and its production requires less energy.

The extremely high methyl mercury concentrations have been only in the lake's anoxic deep brine layer ( monimolimnion ) below a depth of 20 ' ( 6 m ), but concentrations are also moderately high up in the water column where there is oxygen to support brine shrimp and brine flies.

Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Chlorophyll a contains only methyl groups () as side chains.

MBDB is a closely related chemical analogue of MDMA, with the only difference between the two molecules being an ethyl group instead of a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded based on studies performed after methyl iodide was Proposition 65 listed that: “ Methyl iodide is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( Group 3 ).” the Environmental Protection Agency classifies it as " not likely to be carcinogenic to humans in the absence of altered thyroid hormone homeostatis ," i. e. it is a human carcinogen but only at doses large enough to disrupt thyroid function ( via excess iodide ).

This is only possible when both methyl group and ring are attached to the same rigid scaffold.