Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine was probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators.

Landlords therefore owned the base metals and coal under their estates and had a strong inducement to extract them or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators.

For example, a roof bolter ( commonly used by mine roof bolter operators ) can reach sound power levels of up to 115 dB.

In some areas of the country, violence erupted between strikers and mine operators or between striking and non-striking miners.

Bulkeley Wells was one of the mine operators expressing considerable hostility to the union.

The completion of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad connected Plymouth to the nation's growing transportation grid, making it easier and cheaper for mine operators to ship large quantities of coal to distant markets.

The bank was formed at a time of transition for the coal industry, when the town's independent mine operators ( most of whom were directors of the bank ) were handing over the operation of their mines, either by lease or by sale, to a few large corporations — by 1880, the Kingston Coal Co., the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, and the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. would control most of Plymouth's coal mines.

In 1907, Sifton was one member of a three-member commission assigned to investigate labour unrest between coal miners and mine operators.

One cause of this shortage was the strained relationship between coal miners and mine operators in the province.

Miners ' demands included increased wages, a reduction in working hours to eight per day ( from ten ), the posting of mine inspection reports, the isolated storage of explosives, the use of non-freezing explosives, and semi-monthly rather than monthly pay ; the mine operators objected to this last point on the basis that many miners did not report to work the day after payday, and it was thus desirable to keep paydays to a minimum.

There was also increased slave raiding by Spanish mine operators.

Emma Langdon, a union sympathizer, charged in a 1908 book that Governor Steunenberg deposited $ 35, 000 into his bank account within a week after troops arrived in the Coeur d ' Alene district, implying that there may have been a bribe from the mine operators.

" This fight, which is entering its third year, could have been won in three weeks if it were not for the fact that the trade unions are lending assistance to the mine operators.

True, it frankly implies that the mine operators have taken advantage of the Mexican-born or descended laborers, have forced a " speed up " in their mining techniques and given them less respectable homes than provided the so-called ' Anglo ' laborers.

Generally a friend of organized labor, Chandler supported miners ' efforts to unionize, organized the state Department of Industrial Relations, and prohibited mine operators from being appointed as deputy sheriffs.

It engaged in a fierce struggle to undo wage cuts when miners struck in Pennsylvania and Ohio mines in 1931, but lost the strike when mine operators chose to recognize the UMW – which had not been involved in the strike – rather than the NMU, then obtained an injunction to prevent the NMU from picketing.

The origin of this form of involuntary servitude goes back to the Spanish conquest of Mexico when conquistadors forced natives to work for Spanish planters and mine operators.

The Act also authorized the assessment of civil penalties against mine operators for refusing to give inspectors access to mine property or for noncompliance with withdrawal orders, although no provision was made for monetary penalties for noncompliance with the safety provisions.

By the early part of the 21st century many of the mines had been closed as problems with high costs of operations have plagued the mine operators.

AFGE represents almost every type of worker in the American economy, blue collar and white collar, and covers a variety of professional, technical and support personnel — including nurses, doctors, machinists, electricians, aircraft mechanics, astronauts, scientists, safety inspectors, mine inspectors, food inspectors, environmental specialists, accountants and accounting technicians, fire fighters, police officers, correctional officers, cowboys, engineers, administrative assistants, janitors, radio and TV broadcasters, procurement specialists, quality assurance specialists, benefits administrators, housekeepers, lawyers and paralegals, boiler plant operators and many more.

But Gowen had built a combination of his own, bringing all of the mine operators into an employers ' association known as the Anthracite Board of Trade.

A larger percentage of the proceeds from the hire of county convicts was returned to the counties, the state assumed greater responsibility for the care and feeding of convicts contracted to mine operators and lumber camps, and the overall health of state convicts improved.

Glace Bay is the second largest urban community in population and was the island's main coal mining centre until its last mine ceased operation in the 1980s.

The last remaining gunpowder mill at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey was damaged by a German parachute mine in 1941 and it never reopened.

The last active mine in the Dartmoor area was Great Rock Mine, which shut down in 1969.

As he reported to John Taylor two weeks afterwards, " Each day he would look up in the doctors face to discover how long he should live -- he would say -- " how long will this posthumous life of mine last " -- that look was more than we could ever bear — the extreme brightness of his eyes — with his poor pallid face — were not earthly --" Severn's ordeal was recognized by Keats himself, who, a month before his death, said, " Severn I can see under your quiet look -- immense twisting and contending -- you dont know what you are reading -- you are induring for me more than I'd have you -- O!

There he repeated in a different form all that he had already said, for all the world as if he had a gramophone fixed in his brain ... When I took leave, he subjected me to an interminable handshake, meanwhile fixing his cold blue eyes on mine, and repeating almost word for word what he said to me on arrival ... I felt I should never be able to establish any human contact with this man " In early June 1940, when Mussolini informed Hitler that he at long last would enter the war on 10 June 1940, Hitler was most dismissive, in private calling Mussolini a cowardly opportunist who broke the terms of the Pact of Steel in September 1939 when the going looked rough, and was only entering the war in June 1940 after it was clear that France was beaten and it appeared that Britain would soon make peace.

The last coal mine closed in July 1990 and there is now a visitor centre.

This paleontological heritage was uncovered also by significant mining works, such as underground mines and open cast mines, such works permitting the three dimensional studies of the continental deposits, a unique opportunity in Europe and in the world, until the unfortunate closing of the last major mine in 2006.

The Stearns interests sold the last of their mining operations to Blue Diamond Coal in the 1980s, and the last mine operating in the county closed in 1994.

The last remaining coal mine closed down in the summer of 2009, but Duisburg has never been a coal-mining centre to the same extent as other places in the Ruhr region.

Hartford is the home of the last working coal mine in the state of Arkansas.

The railroads had pulled out by 1950, and the last mine, Billy Creek Coal Mine southwest of Novinger, closed in January 1966.

At the time of its closing Billy Creek was the last operating deep shaft mine in Missouri. Rombauer Coal Mine, one of the multitude operating in the Novinger area at the turn of the 20th century.

The last gold mine ceased operating around 1953.

The last mine in the township closed in the late 1960s.

It has close proximity to Native American reservations, and historic lack of economic development in addition to many mine closures in the last century.

In June 1954, Charles Medura was killed in the mine by a fall of rock, the last of many fatalities at the mine.

By April 6, the last of the bodies was taken out of the mine, that of the foreman, Thomas Picton.

This was the last underground coal mine in the state of Washington.

Although the local coal mines were far from played out ( approximately 80 % of the coal in the Roslyn mines remains unextracted ) the last mine in the area closed in 1963 as business became unprofitable and an exodus of residents ensued.

In March 1998, after the closure of Europe's last tin mine South Crofty in Cornwall ( which has since reopened ), campaigners trying to raise the profile of Cornwall's economic crisis encouraged commuters to pay the £ 1. 00 toll in pennies.

He approved the plan of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside to plant explosives in a mine shaft dug underneath the Confederate line east of Petersburg, but at the last minute he changed Burnside's plan to lead the attack with a well-trained African-American division that was highly drilled just for this action, instructing him to take a politically less risky course and substitute an untrained and poorly led white division.

The region has a smelting tradition, the associated mining tradition lasted until 1976 when the last existing mine was closed.

The last mine in the Upper Harz – the Wolkenhügel Pit in Bad Lauterberg – closed its operations in June 2007 for economic reasons.