Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity, molecular interactions, such as van der Waals forces, become involved in the bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength.

* Chemistry ( 1837 ) – the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces ( Dumas ).

* The prediction of the molecular structure of molecules by the use of the simulation of forces, or more accurate quantum chemical methods, to find stationary points on the energy surface as the position of the nuclei is varied.

The molecules being separated ( usually proteins or nucleic acids ) therefore differ not only in molecular mass and intrinsic charge, but also the cross-sectional area, and thus experience different electrophoretic forces dependent on the shape of the overall structure.

Tidal forces are stronger nearer the centre of the galaxy, increasing the rate of disruption of clusters, and also the giant molecular clouds which cause the disruption of clusters are concentrated towards the inner regions of the galaxy, so clusters in the inner regions of the galaxy tend to get dispersed at a younger age than their counterparts in the outer regions.

In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small ( or zero for an ideal gas ), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size.

The ideal gas model tends to fail at lower temperatures or higher pressures, when intermolecular forces and molecular size become important.

Two forces converged to initiate the PDB: 1 ) a small but growing collection of sets of protein structure data determined by X-ray diffraction ; and 2 ) the newly available ( 1968 ) molecular graphics display, the Brookhaven RAster Display ( BRAD ), to visualize these protein structures in 3-D.

Because energy is needed to overcome the molecular forces of attraction between water particles, the process of transition from a parcel of water to a parcel of vapor requires the input of energy causing a drop in temperature in its surroundings.

Aided by the development of the microscope in the Netherlands in the early 17th century, the germ theory of disease eventually challenged the role of the four humours in Western medicine, while the cellular composition of the organs of human anatomy and the ensuing molecular analysis of the maintenance of life slowly became better understood, reducing the need to explain things in terms of mystical " vital forces ".

The formation of these complexes involves the participation of common molecular forces such as the Van der Waals interaction, electrostatic interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and the hydrogen bond.

Depending on the relative importance assigned to the various forces of evolution, three perspectives provide evolutionary explanations for molecular evolution.

While recognizing the importance of random drift for silent mutations, selectionists hypotheses argue that balancing and positive selection are the driving forces of molecular evolution.

Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight, whose chains associate through intermolecular forces ; this property allows thermoplastics to be remolded because the intermolecular interactions spontaneously reform upon cooling.

In the most common version, the trajectories of molecules and atoms are determined by numerically solving the Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and potential energy are defined by molecular mechanics force fields.

MD has also been termed " statistical mechanics by numbers " and " Laplace's vision of Newtonian mechanics " of predicting the future by animating nature's forces and allowing insight into molecular motion on an atomic scale.

Steered molecular dynamics ( SMD ) simulations, or force probe simulations, apply forces to a protein in order to manipulate its structure by pulling it along desired degrees of freedom.

Lennard-Jones is well-known among scientists for his work on molecular structure, valency and intermolecular forces.

His main interest was of atomic and molecular structure, especially the forces between atomic particles, the nature of chemical bonds and such basic matters as why water expands when it freezes.

His name is also associated with van der Waals forces ( forces between stable molecules ), with van der Waals molecules ( small molecular clusters bound by van der Waals forces ), and with van der Waals radii ( sizes of molecules ).

This reduction of symmetry lifts the degeneracy of the two formerly non-bonding molecular orbitals, which by Hund's rule forces the two unpaired electrons into a new, weakly bonding orbital ( and also creates a weakly antibonding orbital ).

The molecular clock technique is an important tool in molecular systematics, the use of molecular genetics information to determine the correct scientific classification of organisms or to study variation in selective forces.

Some experts are however still holding ( in 2011 ) to the traditional classification system and place all species in a single family, Conidae, within the Linnean genus Conus, waiting for a more complete molecular phylogeny of the family to be published.

It is envisioned that mechanosynthesis would avoid unwanted reactions by keeping potential reactants apart, and would strongly favor desired reactions by holding reactants together in optimal orientations for many molecular vibration cycles.

From 1967 to 1983, he was a professor on the faculty of natural sciences holding the chair in molecular biology from 1979.

100 % solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive ; or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final form.

Cleanliness is essential to successful electroplating, since molecular layers of oil can prevent adhesion of the coating.

Cleanliness is essential to successful electroplating, since molecular layers of oil can prevent adhesion of the coating.

* Dirk W. Schubert, Thomas Dunkel ; Spin coating from a molecular point of view: its concentration regimes, influence of molar mass and distribution ; Materials Research Innovations Vol.

These models offer a crucial substrate to elucidate the molecular and neuroanatomical correlates of a Mecp2-deficiency.

During the reaction, molecular oxygen is heterolytically cleaved with sequential incorporation of one oxygen atom into BH < sub > 4 </ sub > and phenylalanine substrate.

At a molecular level, Na < sup >+</ sup > ions stabilize amino acid binding at the substrate site and also hold the transporter in an outward-open conformation that allows substrate binding.

Invisible molecular behaviors were the ultimate substrate of all physical activity.

Neurocognitive functions are cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas, neural pathways, or cortical networks in the brain substrate layers of neurological matrix at the cellular molecular level.

* Self-assembled quantum dots nucleate spontaneously under certain conditions during molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ) and metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy ( MOVPE ), when a material is grown on a substrate to which it is not lattice matched.

** In molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ), slow streams of an element can be directed at the substrate, so that material deposits one atomic layer at a time.

These proteins produce a molecular motor that couples ATP binding and hydrolysis to changes in conformational states that can be propagated through the assembly in order to act upon a target substrate, either translocating or remodelling the substrate.

The constricted nature of the interior of the molecular complex strongly favors compact molecular conformations of the substrate protein.

Atomic or simple molecular desorption will typically be a first-order process ( i. e. a simple molecule on the surface of the substrate desorbs into a gaseous form ).

: The biocompatibility of a scaffold or matrix for a tissue-engineering products refers to the ability to perform as a substrate that will support the appropriate cellular activity, including the facilitation of molecular and mechanical signalling systems, in order to optimise tissue regeneration, without eliciting any undesirable effects in those cells, or inducing any undesirable local or systemic responses in the eventual host.

Hydrocyanation is, most fundamentally, the process whereby H < sup >+</ sup > and < sup >–</ sup > CN ions are added to a molecular substrate.

Initially, at small molecular density on the surface, adsorbate molecules form either a disordered mass of molecules or form an ordered two dimensional " lying down phase ", and at higher molecular coverage, over a period of minutes to hours, begin to form three dimensional crystalline or semicrystalline structures on the substrate surface.

More comprehensive understanding and knowledge of the mechanisms, as well as the substrate specificities during their assembly by polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, glycosyltransferases and other enzymes have made molecular engineering design and outcomes more predictable.

The uncontrollable transfer of a molecular ' ink ' from a coated AFM tip to a substrate was first reported by Jaschke and Butt in 1995, but they erroneously concluded that alkanethiols could not be transferred to gold substrates to form stable nanostructures.

* Each molecular ink is limited to its corresponding substrate

Amongst the many such on-campus collaborations that have sprung up over the years: a fluid dynamicist has joined forces with a statistical mechanician to look at flow in nanochannels with an experimental physicist to study the freezing of laser-induced metal droplets when they impinge on a substrate ; a theoretical molecular-dynamics study of the arrangement of water molecules around a protein has emerged from coffee-table discussions between a biochemist and physicist ; and a many-body theorist is modelling the devices developed in the molecular electronics lab.

The alternating layers of the two different semiconductors which form the quantum heterostructure may be grown on to a substrate using a variety of methods such as molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ), metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy ( MOVPE ), or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition ( MOCVD ).