Although the monarch had frequently asserted that the elections were to be without party significance, his action was an implicit admission that party identifications were a factor.

However, the sovereign was not Hobbes' absolute monarch but rather the parliamentary sovereign of Austin.

It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects, whereby subjects are called his liege subjects, because they are bound to obey and serve him ; and he is called their liege lord, because he should maintain and defend them ( Ex parte Anderson ( 1861 ) 3 El & El 487 ; 121 ER 525 ; China Navigation Co v Attorney-General ( 1932 ) 48 TLR 375 ; Attorney-General v Nissan 1 All ER 629 ; Oppenheimer v Cattermole 3 All ER 1106 ).

After the American Revolution, the parishes in the newly independent country found it necessary to break formally from a church whose Supreme Governor was ( and remains ) the British monarch.

In the legends of the Peloponnesus, Agamemnon was regarded as the highest type of a powerful monarch, and in Sparta he was worshipped under the title of Zeus Agamemnon.

Hasan Ali Shah was on a hunting trip at the time, but he sent a messenger to request permission of the monarch to go to Mecca for the hajj pilgrimage.

Had Alexander, who was a strong monarch, lived, things might have worked out differently.

" This was another provision to avoid a Roman Catholic monarch.

Adrian Hilton, writing in The Spectator in 2003, defended the Act of Settlement as not " irrational prejudice or blind bigotry " but claimed that it was passed because " the nation had learnt that when a Roman Catholic monarch is upon the throne, religious and civil liberty is lost.

This was the beginning of a relationship between monarch and musician that would last until Joseph's death in 1790.

In England, an Oath of Abjuration was taken by Members of Parliament, clergy, and laymen, pledging to support the current British monarch and repudiated the right of the Stuarts and other claimants to the throne.

Frederick the Great ( 1712 – 1786 ) was one of Europe's enlightened monarch s.

Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.

As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was quite a powerful figure, head of the executive branch even though his or her power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament.

Some of the framers of the US Constitution may have conceived of the president as being an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was understood in their time, following Montesquieu's account of the separation of powers.

Sun Yat-sen was declared as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai, who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ).

The Constitution stipulated that Australia was a constitutional monarchy, where the Head of State is the British ( or, since 1942, Australian ) monarch, who is represented at the federal level by a Governor-General, and at the state level by six Governors, one for each state.

However only a small minority actually had a voice ; Parliament was elected by only a few percent of the population, ( less than 3 % as late as 1780 ), and the power to call parliament was at the pleasure of the monarch ( usually when he or she needed funds ).

The franchise was slowly increased and Parliament gradually gained more power until the monarch became largely a figurehead.

However, in the UK, the symbolism ends there, since the real governing authority of the monarch was all but extinguished by the Whig revolution of 1688-89 ( see Glorious Revolution ).

The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied ... he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate ; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.

The United Kingdom is represented by a resident commissioner ( as opposed to the governor general who represents the British monarch ).

Examples include Commonwealth realms where the individual who acts as their respective monarch resides in the oldest realm, the United Kingdom, and so is represented in the others by an appointed governor-general ( unhyphenated in Canada as governor general ) and Andorra which is headed by two non-resident co-princes, one of which is also the President of France.

In continental Europe an inescutcheon ( sometimes called a " heart shield ") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.

From 1816 to 1837 Viceroy Adolphus represented the monarch in Hanover.

Because the prime minister is, in practice, the most politically powerful member of the Canadian government, he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's head of state, when, in fact, that post is held by the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.

At independence in 1948, Sri Lanka, then called Ceylon, was a Commonwealth realm, with the monarch represented by the Governor General.

" However, the post still ultimately represented the government of the United Kingdom ( that is, the monarch in his British council ) until, after continually decreasing involvement by the British government and the passage in 1931 of the Statute of Westminster, the governor general became the direct, personal representative of the uniquely Canadian sovereign ( the monarch in his Canadian council ).

It was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch represented by a governor-general.

Members and relatives of the British Royal Family historically represented the monarch in various places throughout the British Empire, sometimes for extended periods as viceroys, or for specific ceremonies or events.

The monarch is represented through the Governor-General, who has executive powers granted in the Constitution, as well as rarely exercised reserve powers.

In each of Canada's provinces, the monarch is represented by a lieutenant governor, while the territories are not sovereign and thus do not have a viceroy.

The monarch is personally represented in each area by a viceroy who carries out the majority of the Queen's duties on her behalf: that in the federal sphere being titled Governor General of Canada and appointed by the Queen on the advice of her federal prime minister, and those in the provincial spheres being called Lieutenant Governor and appointed by the governor general on the advice of the federal prime minister, with input from the relevant provincial premier.

The monarch is represented on tress, the door-jambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple.

Reigning as Donald III, the new monarch represented the interests of " a resentful native aristocracy ", driving out the Anglo-Saxons and Normans who had staffed the court of Malcolm and Margaret.

* As with the other dominions, the British monarch would be the head of state of the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Éireann ) and would be represented by a Governor General ( See Representative of the Crown ).

The monarch was officially represented in the new Free State by the Governor-General of the Irish Free State.

From 1921 until 1973, the British monarch was officially represented in the North by the Governor of Northern Ireland.

The British monarch was originally to have been represented in both Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

The Biscayan government and other other Basque provinces supported Carlos I, who represented an autocratic monarch who would preserve tradition.

Beyond the United Kingdom, there are fifteen commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II, a non-resident yet de jure head of state, who is represented by a resident Governor-General who carries out the day to day duties of the monarch in respect to each realm and as such is the de facto head of state in each realm.

In each Crown dependency, the monarch is represented by a Lieutenant Governor, but this post is largely ceremonial.