With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the Italian Wars.

The Holy Roman Empire, which was an Elective monarchy, came to be dominated by the Habsburg dynasty, who would turn it into a hereditary position in all but name.

The official fall of the monarchy came on 10 August 1792 after Louis XVI refused to rescind his veto of the National Assembly's constitution.

But in 1794, after the French Revolution toppled that country's monarchy, the American government came to an agreement with the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Jay Treaty, that resolved several points of contention between the United States and Great Britain that had lingered since the end of the American Revolutionary War.

The final end of republics in India came with the rise of the Gupta Empire, and an associated philosophy of the divine nature of monarchy.

Both his parents, Hugo Perutz and Dely Goldschmidt, came from families of textile manufacturers who had made their fortune in the 19th century by the introduction of mechanical spinning and weaving into the Austrian monarchy.

As he matured he came to be well known beyond his power base in Worms and Speyer, so when the Saxon line died off and the elected monarchy for the German realm stood vacant, he was elected King in 1024 at the respectably old age of thirty-four years and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on 26 March 1027, becoming the first of four kings and emperors of the Salian Dynasty.

Through the 1960s and 1970s, the rise of Quebec nationalism and changes in Canadian identity created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the monarchy came into question.

Unlike the British constitutional system, in Belgium the monarchy underwent a belated evolution which came after the establishment of the constitutional monarchical system because, in 1830-1831, an independent state, parliamentary system and monarchy were established simultaneously.

The office came into its own with the abolition of the monarchy, when most sacral powers previously vested in the King were transferred either to the Pontifex Maximus or to the Rex Sacrorum, though traditionally a ( non-political ) dictator ( see also: basileus, interrex ) was formally mandated by the Senate for one day, to perform a specific rite.

Supposedly, the answer came back in favor of a monarchy.

The Instrument of Government of 1634 and altering hereditary rules also regulated the monarchy until 1719, when a fully written constitution, the Instrument of Government of 1719, came into force.

The monarchy came to an end with the end of the First World War, but Baden itself continued in existence as a state of Germany until the end of the Second World War.

During his retirement at Riga he had worked out an elaborate plan for reconstructing the monarchy on Liberal lines ; and when he came into power, though the circumstances of the time did not admit of his pursuing an independent foreign policy, he steadily prepared for the struggle with France by carrying out Stein's far-reaching schemes of social and political reorganization.

The monarchy of Madagascar, known as the Merina Kingdom, came to an end in 1897 when France made it a colony and overthrew Queen Ranavalona III.

Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchies of Indochina after World War II: a short-lived attempt to leave a monarchical form of government in post-colonial South Vietnam came to naught in 1955, a military coup overthrew the kingless monarchy in Cambodia in 1970 and a Communist takeover ended the monarchy in Laos in 1975.

MacCormick was often known by his nickname " King John ", which he said came from a heckle during a debate he was participating in when upon a question from the floor whether a devolved Scotland would retain the monarchy or be a republic someone interjected and said that, " no, it will be a kingdom and John MacCormick will be our king.

King Otto's reign as an absolute monarch came to an end when agitators for a constitution ( as had been promised when the monarchy was established ) rose up in the 3 September Revolution in 1843.

Following his career, the term Orléanist came to be attached to the movement in France that favoured constitutional monarchy.

By 1675, however, Shaftesbury was convinced that Danby, assisted by the bishops of the Church of England, was determined to transform England into an absolute monarchy, and he soon came to see the Duke of York's own religion as linked to this issue.

The change of mind came about because all alternative suggestions, such as an elective monarchy, or a Directory government under an alternating chair were even less practicable and unable to find broad support, as was the radical left's demand for a republic, modelled on the United States.

His rule there was short-lived, however, as the monarchy came to an end following the First World War in 1918.

To this end, in the early 1880s, he purchased numerous newspapers in England, all of which were to advocate the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of " the British Republic ".

It would signal the beginning of the end of the British monarchy.

The term ' the 10th of August ' is widely used by historians as a shorthand for the Storming of the Tuileries Palace on the 10th of August, 1792, the effective end of the French monarchy until it was restored in 1814.

Anti-monarchist theology is most apparent toward the end of the Gideon cycle in which the Israelites beg Gideon to create a dynastic monarchy over them and Gideon refuses.

The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the British / Kandyan period Kadayimpoth-Boundary books as well, indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.

" Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser " became the official anthem of the emperor of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the Austrian monarchy in 1918.

On the other end of the political spectrum Robespierre opposed a war on two grounds, fearing that it would strengthen the monarchy and military at the expense of the revolution, and that it would incur the anger of ordinary people in Austria and elsewhere.

With the restoration of the monarchy, Fox's dreams of establishing the Friends as the dominant religion seemed at an end.

Traditionally, the Battle of Bosworth Field is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous.

By 1700, the Protestant monarchy seemed in danger of coming to an end with the childless Stuart Princess Anne.

He had vanquished one notable opponent, his Welf cousin, Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony and Bavaria in 1180, but his hopes of restoring the power and prestige of the monarchy seemed unlikely to be met by the end of his life.

Venizelos meanwhile, in exile, urged an end to the conflict over the monarchy in view of the threat to Greece from the rise of Fascist Italy.

Social unrest at the end of World War I led to the German Revolution of 1918, with the formation of the Weimar Republic forcing the Hohenzollerns to abdicate, thus bringing an end to the modern German monarchy.

* Festa della Repubblica, commemorates the birth of the Repubblica Italiana and the end of the monarchy.

He was much affected in his early political development by the events of the unsuccessful Workers ’ Revolution in Bavaria that followed the collapse of the German monarchy at the end of World War I ( see Bavarian Soviet Republic ), and he remained an idealistic socialist all his life.

In the end, the grand duchy remained a monarchy but was led by a new head of state, Charlotte.

The monarchy was at an end, even while Lucretia was still displayed in the forum.

This Inheritance Tax would mean the end of the elite dynasties, and abolish hereditary monarchy.

* 1885 – End of Third Anglo-Burmese War, and end of Burmese monarchy

By the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords and Privy Council were abolished.

In Africa Marxist-Leninism and African socialism led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as Burundi and Ethiopia.