They most likely originated in West Gondwana and are 67 – 107 million years old, so the oldest split could relate to the break-up of Gondwana in the middle Eocene to late Oligocene, 45 – 24 million years ago, and reached their current distribution by multiple intercontinental dispersal events.

A multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory, which has gained support in recent years from genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence.

In multiple locations the rays lie at glancing angles, instead of forming a true radial dispersal.

Higher plants have adopted multiple strategies to attracts animals and insects in order to facilitate flower pollination and seed dispersal.

Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolved in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this " plum pudding model " was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.

With de Broglie's suggestion of the existence of electron matter waves in 1924, and for a short time before the full 1926 Schrödinger equation treatment of hydrogen like atom, a Bohr electron " wavelength " could be seen to be a function of its momentum, and thus a Bohr orbiting electron was seen to orbit in a circle at a multiple of its half-wavelength ( this historically incorrect Bohr model is still occasionally taught to students ).

The state space representation ( also known as the " time-domain approach ") provides a convenient and compact way to model and analyze systems with multiple inputs and outputs.

The Capability Maturity Model Integration ( CMMI ) project was formed to sort out the problem of using multiple models for software development processes, thus the CMMI model has superseded the CMM model, though the CMM model continues to be a general theoretical process capability model used in the public domain.

It has been noted that the DSM often uses definitions and terminology that are inconsistent with a recovery model, and that can erroneously imply excess psychopathology ( e. g. multiple " comorbid " diagnoses ) or chronicity.

The multiple accepted is adjusted for expected growth ( that is not built into the model ).

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

With growth in the economic sphere of geosynchronous ( GEO ) satellite communication, multiple instances of a single satellite design began to be built on a single model platform ; these are called satellite buses.

The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of multiple, individual supply chains specific to products, suppliers, and customers who work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product.

In his final work with the Tesla turbine and published just prior to his retirement, Rice conducted a bulk-parameter analysis of model laminar flow in multiple disk turbines.

Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities, concentrating multiple " faculties " ( e. g., theology, classics, medicine ) into one institution.

Dealing with multiple elements complicates the model of the simulation side of a wargame, so games with a true combined arms approach tend to be strategic in nature, where all aspects are abstracted to a greater degree.

The orientation of a particular set of sheets is identified by its three Miller indices ( h, k, l ), and let their spacing be noted by d. William Lawrence Bragg proposed a model in which the incoming X-rays are scattered specularly ( mirror-like ) from each plane ; from that assumption, X-rays scattered from adjacent planes will combine constructively ( constructive interference ) when the angle θ between the plane and the X-ray results in a path-length difference that is an integer multiple n of the X-ray wavelength λ.

* The repeating crossbow or semi-automatic crossbow is an improved version of a model that first appeared during the Warring States Period ( though there is debate whether the original Warring States Period bow was semi-automatic, or rather shot multiple bolts at once ).

However, they usually can model multiple layers ( conceptually of ink, paper, or film ; opaque, translucent, or transparent — stacked in a specific order.

Pressure distributions on a test model can also be determined by performing a wake survey, in which either a single pitot tube is used to obtain multiple readings downstream of the test model, or a multiple-tube manometer is mounted downstream and all its readings are taken ( often by photograph ).

Multiplexing is provided by the Physical Layer of the OSI model, while multiple access also involves a media access control protocol, which is part of the Data Link Layer.

How to screen print with multiple layers using CMYK color model | CMYK

Multithreading as a widespread programming and execution model allows multiple threads to exist within the context of a single process.

The long-range objective is to hold the damage from destructive agencies below the level which would seriously interfere with intensive management of the National Forest System under principles of multiple use and high-level sustained yield of products and services.

It has been correctly pointed out by well-informed people in the industry that it is probably unrealistic to expect a continuation of the yearly growth of 15% or better that characterized the decade of the 1950's, and that our military markets may be entering upon a new phase in which procurement of multiple weapons systems will give way to concentration of still undeveloped areas of our defense capability.

Continuing with the case in which **zg is a Af curve on a quadric Q, we first observe that the second regulus of Q consists precisely of the lines which join the two free intersections of **zg and the planes through any one of the multiple secants.

If **ya is the multiple secant of **zg which passes through Af and **yb is the simple secant of **zg which passes through Af, and if Af are the points in which **ya meets **zg, and if Af is the image of Af on the generator **yb, it follows that the image of the line Af is Af.

In these circumstances the possibility of multiple or conflicting claims is exceedingly remote.

A recognition of multiple cost functions is therefore required.

In 1961, it is estimated that multiple unit dwellings will account for nearly 30 per cent of the starts in residential construction.

ANOVA is the synthesis of several ideas and it is used for multiple

The ability to detect interactions is a major advantage of multiple

against multiple comparisons in one dimension, it is not conservative

"' The only exception to this is that if a defendant appeals a conviction for a crime having multiple levels of offenses, where they are convicted on a lesser offense, the appeal is of the lesser offense ; the conviction represents an acquittal of the more serious offenses.

Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens, being less reactive than iodine ; however, multiple compounds of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration.

As it involves autoimmune demyelination, it is similar to multiple sclerosis, and is considered part of the Multiple sclerosis borderline diseases.

The narrative tone is similar to Kafka's, especially in The Trial, wherein individual sentences potentially have multiple meanings, the material often pointedly resonating as stark allegory of phenomenal consciousness and the human condition.

If F is algebraically closed and p ( x ) is an irreducible polynomial of F, then it has some root a and therefore p ( x ) is a multiple of x − a.

By contrast, the Rijndael specification per se is specified with block and key sizes that may be any multiple of 32 bits, both with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits.

Newer research rather suggests that they were only painted after death, an idea perhaps contradicted by the multiple paintings on some specimens and the ( suggested ) change of specific details on others.

The later Big Finish Productions audio play Terror Firma contradicted this and also gave an alternate account of what Davros did after the events of this story ( Although it should be noted that Terra Firma features Davros suffering from multiple personality disorder that may affect his memory ).

However, this is contradicted by multiple eye-witness accounts ; the evidence suggests Booth broke his leg in a fall from his horse after escaping into Maryland.

This is considered to be one of multiple mistakes within the series, and has been contradicted many times on the show.