** electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino

Among his achievements are the discovery of the muon neutrino in 1962 and the bottom quark in 1977.

In 1988, Lederman received the Nobel Prize for Physics along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger " for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino ".

In 1962 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger showed that more than one type of neutrino exists by first detecting interactions of the muon neutrino ( already hypothesised with the name neutretto ), which earned them the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The bottom two rows ' columns contain electron neutrino ( ν sub e ) and electron ( e ), muon neutrino ( ν sub μ ) and muon ( μ ), and tau neutrino ( ν sub τ ) and tau ( τ ), and Z sup 0 and W sup ± weak force.

All of the solar neutrino detectors prior to SNO had been sensitive primarily or exclusively to electron neutrinos and yielded little to no information on muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos.

The primary decay mode of a pion, with probability 0. 999877, is a purely leptonic decay into an anti-muon and a muon neutrino:

* 1962 Leon Lederman shows that the electron neutrino is distinct from the muon neutrino

The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron () and electron neutrino (); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon () and muon neutrino (); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau () and the tau neutrino ().

The first candidate for Yukawa's meson, then dubbed the " mu meson " ( or muon ) was discovered 1936 by Carl David Anderson and others in the decay products of cosmic ray interactions.

The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, but it was erroneously classified as a meson at the time.

After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass.

The muon was discovered in 1936 by Carl D. Anderson, and initially mistaken for the pion.

Although the travel time for the muons from the top of the mountain to the base is several muon half-lives, the muon sample at the base was only moderately reduced.

The magnitude of weak length scale was initially inferred by the Fermi constant measured by neutron and muon decay.

His Ph. D. thesis concerned the energy spectrum of electrons emitted in muon decay ; his results showed that this was a three-body decay, and implied the participation of two neutral particle in the decay ( later identified as the electron () and muon () neutrinos ) rather than one.

After the U. S. government pulled the funding on the Superconducting Super Collider project, the team was recruited by CERN to help build part of the muon detector of the ATLAS experiment in the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator, in which Davisson took part in, e. g., creating tools to test the detector tubes and as a liaison between the University of Washington's team and the rest of the collaborating group.

Seth Henry Neddermeyer ( 16 September 1907, Richmond, Michigan-29 January 1988, Seattle, Washington ) was an American physicist who co-discovered the muon, and later championed the implosion design of the plutonium atomic bomb, at the Manhattan Project.

J-PARC was built with a collaboration between KEK and JAEA, and is used for nuclear physics, particle physics, muon science, neutron science, Accelerator-Driven System ( ADS ) and a range of other applications.

It was conceived in the face of a series of apparently contradictory experimental results, including several from Chien-Shiung Wu, helped along by a sprinkling of other evidence, such as the muon.

The MIA was made of 2500 square meters of buried muon detectors.

This mirrors the historical evolution of quantum field theory, since the electron component ( describing the electron and its antiparticle the positron ) is then the original field of quantum electrodynamics, which was later accompanied by and fields for the muon and tauon respectively ( and their antiparticles ).

Both the production of muon beams with nearly perfect alignment of the spin to the beam direction ( what was referred to above as spin polarization and caused by the spontaneous symmetry breaking ), and the ability to detect the muon spin direction at the instant of the muon decay rely on the violation of parity, which takes place whenever weak forces are at play.

In 1936, he and Anderson discovered the muon, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays.

The particle called a muon is a lepton which is produced in the upper atmosphere by the decay of a pion.

On September 22, 2011, a paper from the OPERA Collaboration indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers ( 454 miles ) from CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, traveling faster than light by a factor of 2. 48 × 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup > ( approximately 1 in 40, 000 ), a statistic with 6. 0-sigma significance.

) There are variants of μSR, e. g. muon spin rotation, which is affected by the presence of a magnetic field applied transverse to the muon beam direction ( since muons are typically produced in a spin-polarized state from the decay of pions ), and avoided level crossing ( ALC ), which is also called level crossing resonance ( LCR ).

The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the beam direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by magnetic oscillations with another magnetic nucleus.

Because the muon is a lepton, the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from quantum electrodynamics ( QED ), unlike the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainies related to the internal structure of the proton.

In a muonic atom ( also called a mu-mesic atom ), an electron is replaced by a muon, which, like the electron, is a lepton.

Moreover, each muon has about a 1 % chance of " sticking " to the alpha particle produced by the nuclear fusion of a deuterium with a tritium, removing the " stuck " muon from the catalytic cycle, meaning that each muon can only catalyze at most a few hundred deuterium tritium nuclear fusion reactions before it decays away, which only takes a couple of microseconds.

Indeed, the team led by Steven E. Jones achieved 150 d-t fusions per muon ( average ) at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility.

Suppose the muon happens to have fallen into an orbit around a deuteron initially, which it has about a 50 % chance of doing if there are approximately equal numbers of deuterons and tritons present, forming an electrically neutral muonic deuterium atom ( d-μ )< sup > 0 </ sup > that acts somewhat like a " fat, heavy neutron " due both to its relatively small size ( again, about 207 times smaller than an electrically neutral electronic deuterium atom ( d-e )< sup > 0 </ sup >) and to the very effective " shielding " by the muon of the positive charge of the proton in the deuteron.

Once the muonic molecular ion state is formed, the shielding by the muon of the positive charges of the proton of the triton and the proton of the deuteron from each other allows the triton and the deuteron to move close enough together to fuse with alacrity.

In this experiment the " clock " is the time taken by processes leading to muon decay, and these processes take place in the moving muon at its own " clock rate ", which is much slower than the laboratory clock.

Gargamelle operated from 1970 to 1978 with a muon neutrino beam produced by the CERN Proton Synchrotron.

He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, for which they were given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.

A muon, in turn, can decay to form an electron or positron.

The remaining six are leptons, three of which are neutrinos, and the remaining three of which have an electric charge of − 1: the electron and its two cousins, the muon and the tau.

What is called " true muonium ", a bound state of a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom which has never been observed.

There are three types, or " flavors ", of neutrinos: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos.

In the history of particle physics, cosmic rays were the source of the discovery of the positron, muon, and pi meson.

Since a muon is more massive than an electron, the Bohr orbits are closer to the nucleus in a muonic atom than in an ordinary atom, and corrections due to quantum electrodynamics are more important.