Higher Superstition argued that in the 1990s, a group of academics whom the authors referred to collectively as " the Academic Left " was dominated by professors who concentrated on racism, sexism, and other perceived prejudices, and that science was eventually included among their targets — later provoking the " Science Wars ", which questioned the validity of scientific objectivity.

Antirealists point to either the history of science, epistemic morals, the success of false modeling assumptions, or widely termed postmodern criticisms of objectivity as evidence against scientific realisms.

Within the natural sciences, the term hard science is sometimes used to describe those sub-fields which some people view as relying on experimental, quantifiable data or the scientific method and focus on accuracy and objectivity.

However, John Searle argues that Dennett, who insists that discussing subjectivity is nonsense because it is unscientific and science presupposes objectivity, is making a category error.

Traditional economists often say such an approach assures objectivity and separates economics from " softer " fields such as sociology and political science.

They are right to be impressed-modern science really is objective-but are wrong to take modern science to be the only paradigm of objectivity.

* The importance of research to humanistic psychologists, and their interest in special forms of human science investigation, was underscored when the AAHP's May 1966 newsletter editorialized that a central conviction which binds humanistic psychologists includes, " An allegiance to meaningfulness in the selection of problems for study and of research procedures, and an opposition to a primary emphasis on objectivity at the expense of significance ".

Another objection to the New Criticism is that it is thought to aim at making criticism scientific, or at least “ bringing literary study to a condition rivaling that of science .” However, René Wellek points out the erroneous nature of this criticism by noting that a number of the New Critics outlined their theoretical aesthetics in stark contrast to the " objectivity " of the sciences ( though it should be noted that Ransom, in his essay " Criticism, Inc ." did advocate that " criticism must become more scientific, or precise and systematic ").

In the philosophy of science, the question of where to properly draw a boundary between science and non-science, when the objective actually is objectivity, is called the demarcation problem.

The report was the culmination of an investigation of the Bush administration's objectivity in science, and ultimately a criticism thereof.

This is usually taken to mean that we should assume the objectivity of social facts as a principle of study ( thus providing the basis of sociology as a science ).

For Karl Jaspers, the term " Dasein " meant existence in its most minimal sense, the realm of objectivity and science, in opposition to what Jaspers called " Existenz ", the realm of authentic being.

In contrast, Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity ; however, Foucault maintained that though ideology may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question ; contradictions and lack of objectivity is not an indicator of ideology.

The raison de guerre being that postmodernist critics questioned the objectivity of science, usually via the criticism of scientific method and knowledge, usually in the disciplines of cultural studies, cultural anthropology, feminist studies, comparative literature, media studies, and science and technology studies.

The postmodernists questioned scientific objectivity, and critiqued the scientific method and scientific knowledge in cultural studies, cultural anthropology, feminist studies, comparative literature, media studies, and science and technology studies.

The conference generated the final wave of substantial press coverage ( in both news media and scientific journals ), though by no means resolved the fundamental issues of social construction and objectivity in science.

In this sense, Ellingson and Ellis ( 2008 ) see autoethnography as a social constructionist project that rejects the deep-rooted binary oppositions between the researcher and the researched, objectivity and subjectivity, process and product, self and others, art and science, and the personal and the political ( pp. 450 – 459 ).

The main critique of autoethnography — and qualitative research in general — comes from the traditional social science methods that emphasize the objectivity of social research.

( see Doloriert and Sambrook, 2011, pp. 593 – 595 ) For example, Schwandt ( 1996, p. 60 ) argues that some social researchers have “ come to equate being rational in social science with being procedural and criteriological .” Building on quantitative foundations, Lincoln and Guba ( 1985 ) translate quantitative indicators into qualitative quality indicators, namely: credibility ( parallels internal validity ), transferability ( parallels external validity ), dependability ( parallels reliability ), and confirmability ( parallels objectivity and seeks to critically examine whether the researcher has acted in good faith during the course of the research ).

According to Cunningham, the nut of the tortured relationship with “ objectivity ” lies within a number of conflicting diktats that the press operated under ; be neutral yet investigative ; be disengaged but have an impact ; be fair-minded but have an edge.

Coming from this phenomenological perspective on culturally mediated and socially situated action, Holzkamp launched a devastating and original methodological attack on behaviorism ( which he termed S – R ( stimulus – response ) psychology ) based on linguistic analysis, showing in minute detail the rhetorical patterns by which this approach to psychology creates the illusion of " scientific objectivity " while at the same time losing relevance for understanding culturally situated, intentional human actions.

Important principles of this ideology include freedom of choice, the uniqueness of the individual and empirical inquiry grounded in objectivity.

The stranger bears a certain objectivity that makes him a valuable member to the individual and society.

In other words, when feminist economists highlight the biases of mainstream economics, they focus on its social beliefs about masculinity like objectivity, separation, logical consistency, individual accomplishment, mathematics, abstraction, and lack of emotion, but not on the gender of authorities and subjects.

Pragmatic philosophers like Mead focus on the development of the self and the objectivity of the world within the social realm: that " the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings " ( Mead 1982: 5 ).

In a time when human sciences were trying to establish themselves as objective-scientific, he recognized that the only means by which to achieve scientific objectivity was by disclosing each scholar's own individual subjectivity.

In other words, instead of the bourgeois subject and its corresponding ideological concept of individual free will, the proletariat has been transformed into an object ( a commodity ) which, when it takes consciousness of itself, transforms the very structure of objectivity, that is of reality.

But the real reason for ignorance of Marx's philosophical texts is Marxism's negation, from its earliest days, of subjectivity, because Marxism is nothing other than a repetition of Hegelianism, which is a philosophy of objectivity which reduces the individual to the effective becoming of the Absloute and its manifestation in the light of ek-static exteriority.

Moreover, the book served as an argument from scientists that the Science Wars were primarily fought by non-scientists who were pushing contentious claims about the dubiousness of scientific objectivity.

Wilson describes Fort as " a patron of cranks " and also argues that running through Fort's work is " the feeling that no matter how honest scientists think they are, they are still influenced by various unconscious assumptions that prevent them from attaining true objectivity.

In this view, scientists " bully " non-scientists with " oppressive " words such as logic, experiment, objectivity, etc.

The major difference between politicians and social engineers is that scientists base decisions on careful evaluations and objectivity without differential advantage.

This is not different from the performative view of objectivity preferred by technoscience, leaving technoscience with a critique of a naive view of science that many, if not most, contemporary scientists would not agree with.

With his acute rationale, brilliance, and objectivity, Wang Chong wrote many things that would be praised by later modern sinologists and scientists alike as being incredibly modern-minded.

No psychological process can explain the a priori objectivity of these logical truths.

Garfinkel's alternative reading of Durkheim is that we should treat the objectivity of social facts as an achievement of society's members, and make the achievement process itself the focus of study.

Taneyev's rationale for this process stemmed from his belief that truth and moral integrity in music were synonymous with its objectivity and purpose.

Transparency and objectivity of the appraisal process are also emphasised.

A scholar who approaches the research process from the point of view of strong objectivity is interested in producing knowledge for use as well as for revealing the relations of power that are hidden in traditional knowledge production processes.

Strong objectivity acknowledges that the production of power is a political process and that greater attention paid to the context and social location of knowledge producers will contribute to a more ethical and transparent result.

It is remarkable not only for its historical insight, but also its objectivity, especially considering the conditions under which it was written.

He wrote Treadmill to Oblivion ( 1954, reviewing his radio and television years ) and Much Ado About Me ( 1956, covering his childhood and his vaudeville and Broadway years, and detailing especially vaudeville at its height with surprising objectivity ); the former – which included many of his vintage radio scripts – was the best-selling book on radio's classic period for many years.

There is often considerable controversy over these techniques, especially concern that obscuring or not reporting certain facts or details is self-censorship that compromises objectivity and fidelity to the truth, and which does not serve the public interest.

These include discussion concerning: what subject matter is most appropriate ; whether environmental advocacy can detract from scholarly objectivity ; standards of professionalism in a subject where much outstanding work has been done by non-historians ; the relative contribution of nature and humans in determining the passage of history ; the degree of connection with, and acceptance by, other disciplines-but especially mainstream history.