* 1842 – Mayer makes a connection between work, heat, and the human metabolism based on his observations of blood made while a ship's surgeon ; he calculates the mechanical equivalent of heat

However, despite the insight of many of his observations, his own conclusions are open to suspicion because of his failure to employ at all times the correct research methods.

In the relatively short time since these early observations, Venus has been observed at additional wave lengths in the range from 0.8 to 10.2 cm, and Jupiter has been observed over the wave-length range from 3.03 to 68 Aj.

In the observations at 4.3 mm ( Coates, 1959 ), the diameter of the antenna beam, 6'.7, was small enough to allow resolution of some of the larger features of the lunar surface, and contour diagrams have been made of the lunar brightness distribution at three lunar phases.

Very recently, observations have been made at 8-mm wave length with a reflector 22 meters in diameter with a resultant beam width of only about 2' ( Amenitskii, Noskova, and Salomonovich, 1960 ).

Such high-resolution observations as these are needed at several wave lengths in order that the radio emission of the moon can be properly interpreted.

Qualitative observations were made and high-speed motion pictures were taken to study flow phenomena in the arc at various mass flow velocities.

When the experiment includes observations at all combinations of

For stars, in the absence of extensive observations at many wavelengths, it usually must be computed assuming an effective temperature.

Robert Hooke, in 1674, published his observations of γ Draconis, a star of magnitude 2 < sup > m </ sup > which passes practically overhead at the latitude of London, and whose observations are therefore free from the complex corrections due to astronomical refraction, and concluded that this star was 23 ″ more northerly in July than in October.

On August 19, 1727, Bradley then embarked upon a further series of observations using a telescope of his own erected at the Rectory, Wanstead.

While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of the Big Bang and those of alternative cosmological models, most scientists became convinced that some version of the Big Bang scenario best fit observations after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its spectrum ( i. e., the amount of radiation measured at each wavelength ) was found to match that of thermal radiation from a black body.

Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding the physics of the Universe at earlier and earlier times, and reconciling observations with the basic theory.

However neither of those observations became accepted by British economists at the time.

While conducting a program of observations designed to uncover near-Earth objects, the Shoemakers and Levy discovered Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 on the night of March 24, 1993 in a photograph taken with the Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California.

Two other satellites made observations at the time of the impact: the Ulysses spacecraft, primarily designed for solar observations, was pointed towards Jupiter from its location 2. 6 AU away, and the distant Voyager 2 probe, some 44 AU from Jupiter and on its way out of the Solar System following its encounter with Neptune in 1989, was programmed to look for radio emission in the 1 – 390 kHz range.

Radio observations revealed a sharp increase in continuum emission at a wavelength of 21 cm after the largest impacts, which peaked at 120 % of the normal emission from the planet.

According to a group of astronomers at the University of Toronto and elsewhere, the observations of this supernova are best explained by assuming that it arose from a white dwarf which grew to twice the mass of the Sun before exploding.

Low surface brightness dwarf galaxies are important sources of information for studying dark matter, as they have an uncommonly low ratio of visible matter to dark matter, and have few bright stars at the center which would otherwise impair observations of the rotation curve of outlying stars.

Partly because the observations were at the very limits of instrumental capabilities at the time, astronomers remained skeptical for several years about this and other similar observations.

Radio observations of the moon have been made over the range of wave lengths from 4.3 mm to 75 cm, and the results are summarized in Table 1.

Apus was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35 cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 ( or 1598 ) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius.

He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3. 6-inch ( 9 cm ) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh.

On the other hand, Nobumasa Kitajima's model shows ν ( O-O ) of 741 cm < sup >- 1 </ sup > and UV-Vis absorbances at 349 and 551 nm, which agree with the experimental observations for oxyHc.

observations at good sites are 20 --- 40 cm.

Subsequent observations made at Parkes by other observers with a 14-minute and wider beams at 21 cm and longer wavelengths, though not resolving the components, were compatible with the dependence expected from Faraday rotation if magnetic fields were the polarising agent.

For typical seeing, the practical resolution limits are at mirror sizes well within existing mechanical limits, at a mirror diameter equal to the astronomical seeing parameter r < sub > 0 </ sub >-about 20 cm in diameter for visible observations under good conditions.

Western tanager perched on stems less than 1 inch (< 2. 5 cm ) in diameter in 96. 9 % of observations.

Western tanagers foraged on larger trees, with nearly 80 % of observations on trees with a trunk diameter of more than about 8 inches ( 20. 0 cm ) and over 80 % of observations occurring on trees 33 feet ( 10 m ) or taller.

In primarily Douglas-fir-dominated communities in British Columbia, western tanagers foraged in trees > 33 feet (> 10 m ) tall in more than 80 % of observations, and nearly 80 % of western tanager foraging observations were in trees with trunk diameters greater than 8 inches (> 20. 0 cm ).

Radar observations of Mars ' moons, Phobos and Deimos, have refined knowledge of their orbits and show that their surfaces are coated with very low density (~ 1 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >) material, most likely fine-grain dust, to a depth of several meters.

The KAO's telescope was a conventional Cassegrain reflector with a 36-inch ( 91. 5 cm ) aperture, designed primarily for observations in the 1 to 500 μm spectral range.

* The 106 cm telescope ( Gentilli Dome ) dedicated to observations of the solar system ;

Dwingeloo 2 was first detected at radio wavelengths from the 21 cm emission line of neutral atomic hydrogen ( known to astronomers as HI ) in the course of follow-up observations after the discovery of Dwingeloo 1.

Using a 60 cm telescope, he was very adept in creating planetary maps from visual observations.

He made observations of Mars with an 11 cm achromatic refractor telescope made by Joseph von Fraunhofer, which was one of the first times that achromatic refractors were used for planetary observation ; these were a notable improvement over the reflectors available to earlier observers.

He owned a 6 cm refracting telescope, and recorded several observations of binary stars.

VIRGOHI21 was detected through radio telescope observations of its neutral hydrogen 21 cm emissions.

The Uhuru observations indicated a source strength of no greater than ~ 10 < sup >− 3 </ sup > photons cm < sup >− 2 </ sup > s < sup >− 1 </ sup > keV < sup >− 1 </ sup > at 25 keV, which disagrees with the earlier observations claiming a source strength of ~ 10 < sup >− 2 </ sup > photons cm < sup >− 2 </ sup > s < sup >− 1 </ sup > keV < sup >− 1 </ sup > at 25 keV, and a size of 5 °.

extraterrestrial observations have yet to be reported.

Radio observations of Venus and Jupiter have already supplied unexpected experimental data on the physical conditions of these planets.

Physiological experiments and clinical observations have shown that these procedures influence the hypothalamically controlled hypophyseal secretions and increase sympathetic discharges.

Extensive observations by physicians during vaginal examinations have established the fact that a single finger inserted along the anterior wall ( the top line of the vagina as the woman lies on her back ) may cause a great deal of distress in a virgin.

; Balanced design: An experimental design where all cells ( i. e. treatment combinations ) have the same number of observations.

Sketching is sometimes used within logs, and photographic records of observations have also been used in recent times.

Many Chacoan buildings may have been aligned to capture the solar and lunar cycles, requiring generations of astronomical observations and centuries of skillfully coordinated construction.

Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.

Thomas, like many other medievals, never gives a systematic account of beauty itself, but several scholars have conventionally arranged his thought — though not always with uniform conclusions — using relevant observations spanning the entire corpus of his work.

The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable ; particularly on the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available.

Beavis and Butt-Head have been compared to idiot savants because of their creative and subversively intelligent observations of music videos.

The observations which have led to this are as follows:

Steven Weinberg and a number of string theorists ( see string landscape ) have used this as evidence for the anthropic principle, which suggests that the cosmological constant is so small because life ( and thus physicists, to make observations ) cannot exist in a universe with a large cosmological constant, but many people find this an unsatisfying explanation.

Other minerals have been proposed which would fit the observations.

Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune.

A search of historical observations revealed that the spots were probably the most prominent transient features ever seen on the planet, and that while the Great Red Spot is notable for its striking color, no spots of the size and darkness of those caused by the SL9 impacts have ever been recorded before.

Descriptive statistics provides simple summaries about the sample and about the observations that have been made.

Subsequently, other observations have indicated the presence of dark matter in the universe, including the rotational speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet Cluster, and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

In July 2012, lensing observations were used to identify a " filament " of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies, as cosmological simulations have predicted.