In the case of totipotency, reprogramming is mediated through a mature metaphase II oocyte as in somatic cell nuclear transfer ( Wilmut et al., 1997 ).

The secondary oocyte undergoes meiotic division II and that results in the formation of a second small polar body and a large mature egg, both being haploid cells.

* Female mammals-orally administered phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor ORG 9935 daily before and during ovulation which blocks the resumption of meiosis resulting in ovulation of a non-fertilizable, immature oocyte without rupturing the follicle.

Procedures performed on sex cells before fertilization may instead be referred to as methods of oocyte selection or sperm selection, although the methods and aims partly overlap with PGD.

After thirteen mitotic divisions and about 4 hours after fertilization, an estimated 6, 000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the oocyte before they migrate to the surface and are encompassed by plasma membranes to form cells surrounding the yolk sac producing a cellular blastoderm.

Shortly before ovulation, the oocyte of interest activates these mRNA strains.

For example, in the case of embryonic Drosophila development, the genes nanos and bicoid are asymmetrically expressed in the oocyte because maternal cells deposit messenger RNA ( mRNA ) for these genes in the poles of the egg before it is laid.

Between 1877 and 1878, Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs, showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus.

* Transvaginal oocyte retrieval, a technique used in in vitro fertilization

Many members of the family Poeciliidae are considered to be lecithotrophic ( the mother provisions the oocyte with all the resources it needs prior to fertilization, so the egg is independent of the mother ), but others are matrotrophic ( literally means " mother feeding ": the mother provides the majority of resources to the developing offspring after fertilization ).

After fertilization of an oocyte and formations of a zygote, its combined genome is demethylated and remethylated again ( with the exception of the imprinted genes ).

Some in vitro fertilization techniques, particularly injecting a sperm into an oocyte, may interfere with this.

After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs of fertilization.

During ovulation, the arrested secondary oocyte leaves the ovary and matures rapidly into an egg ready for fertilization.

The acrosomal reaction normally takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube ( site of fertilization ) when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte.

The first and second polar body of the oocyte are extruded at the time of the conclusion of the meiotic division, normally the first polar body is noted after ovulation, and the second polar body after fertilization.

The first PB is removed from the unfertilised oocyte, and the second PB from the zygote, shortly after fertilization.

Upon fertilization by sperm, the secondary oocyte continues the second part of meiosis and becomes a zygote.

The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte death and fertilization.

In most mammalian fertilization, hyaluronidase is released by the acrosome of the sperm cell after it has reached the oocyte, by digesting hyaluronan in the corona radiata, thus enabling conception.

During fertilization, the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte: ( 1 ) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the metabolically dormant oocyte to activate ; ( 2 ) the haploid paternal genome ; ( 3 ) the centrosome, which is responsible for maintaining the microtubule system.

Studies have shown that numerous biological systems, such as Xenopus oocyte maturation, mammalian calcium signal transduction, and polarity in budding yeast, incorporate temporal ( slow and fast ) positive feedback loops, or more than one feedback loop that occurs at different times.

She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its nucleus removed.

Once fertilized, the oocyte ( egg ) remains in the oviduct for approximately 5. 5 more days, and then descends into the uterus.

Each oogonium that initiates meiosis will divide twice to form a single oocyte and three polar bodies.

Included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa ( and the granulosa cells inside it ), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte.

P. prolifica is considered to be highly matrotrophic, and almost all of the nutrients and materials needed for fetal development are supplied to the oocyte after it has been fertilized.

The entire sperm, tail included, gets incorporated into the oocyte cytoplasm.

Upon penetration, the oocyte is said to have become activated.

By injecting DNA or mRNA into the oocyte or developing embryo, scientists can study the protein products in a controlled system.

This is particularly useful in electrophysiology, where the ease of recording from the oocyte makes expression of membrane channels attractive.

One challenge of oocyte work is eliminating native proteins that might confound results, such as membrane channels native to the oocyte.

X. laevis is also notable for its use in the first well-documented method of pregnancy testing when it was discovered that the urine from pregnant women induced X. laevis oocyte production.

However, technology ( especially oocyte donation ) provides the opportunity of pregnancy in these patients.

Digyny is most commonly caused by either failure of one meiotic division during oogenesis leading to a diploid oocyte or failure to extrude one polar body from the oocyte.

During embryogenesis, replication of mtDNA is strictly down-regulated from the fertilized oocyte through the preimplantation embryo.

A holding pipette stabilizes the mature oocyte with gentle suction applied by a microinjector.

The sperm is then released into the oocyte.

During World War II US B-29 bomber attack destroyed Tōkai Seiki's Yamashita plant in 1944, and the Itawa plant collapsed in the 1945 Mikawa earthquake, and Soichiro Honda sold the salvageable remains of the company to Toyota after the war for ¥ 450, 000, and used the proceeds to found the Honda Technical Research Institute in October 1946.

After the celebratory tone of Christ's reception into heaven, marked by the choir's D major acclamation " Let all the angels of God worship him ", the " Whitsun " section proceeds through a series of contrasting moods — serene and pastoral in " How beautiful are the feet ", theatrically operatic in " Why do the nations so furiously rage "— towards the Part II culmination of " Hallelujah ".

After the sale, the wife and family of Joscelin II moved with the proceeds to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, near Acre.

Much like catalase, the reaction of cytochrome c peroxidase proceeds through a three-step process, forming first a CCP-compound I and then a CCP-compound II:

In it, Amenhotep II reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy.

The preparation of Tier II EISs for each subarea proceeds at its own pace, independent from the other subareas within the Tier I area.

St. Demetrius was also depicted on a 50 drachmae charity stamp released in 1948 ; proceeds from its sale went toward the restoration of historic sites and churches destroyed during World War II.

He then proceeds to investigate who killed his brother and why, leading him into a dangerous web of espionage during World War II.

However, during World War II, the Commonwealth government decided to take over the collection of income taxes and return some proceeds to the States as grants.

As Stormfield proceeds through heaven, he learns that the conventional image of angels as winged, white-robed figures bearing haloes, harps, and palm leaves is a mere illusion generated for the benefit of humans, who mistake " figurative language " for accurate description ; that all of heaven's denizens choose their ages, thus aligning themselves with the time of life at which they were most content ; that anything desired is awarded to its seeker, if it does not violate any prohibition ; that the prohibitions themselves are different from those envisioned on Earth ; that each of the Earthlike regions of heaven includes every human being who has ever lived in it ; that families are not always together forever, because of decisions made by those who have died first ; that white skinned people are a minority in Heaven ; that kings are not kings in heaven ( Charles II is a comedian while Henry VI has a religious book-stand ) etc.

The proposal called for issuing $ 25 million in bonds, the proceeds of which would be used by the state government to purchase land and resell it to veterans of World War II at 3 % interest on 40 year loans.

When the calcium levels fall during phototransduction, the calcium dissociates from recoverin, and rhodopsin kinase is released, when it proceeds to phosphorylate metarhodopsin II, which decreases its affinity for transducin.

After he speaks the spoken section of the song, " Confessions Part II " proceeds.

Nike had produced 1500 reproductions of the ' futuristic ' trainers Doc gave Marty McFly in 2015 ( Back to the Future Part II ), with all net proceeds from the auction going to the Michael J.

" This persona first appears in Evil Dead II, where Ash experiences a hallucination wherein his reflection torments him over dismembering " their " girlfriend ( Linda ) with a chainsaw, and proceeds to try to choke him, only for Ash to realize he is choking himself.

The Bluenose II was sold at the end of the 1997 season by Bay Ferries and the proceeds were used to purchase the high-speed catamaran ferry The Cat ( Hull number Incat 046, ex Devil Cat ).