His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.

In principle, a BIOS in ROM is customized to the particular manufacturer's hardware, allowing low-level services ( such as reading a keystroke or writing a sector of data to diskette ) to be provided in a standardized way to an operating system.

The operating principle of CCC equipment requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin.

In principle, multiple realisability would guarantee platform dependencies can be avoided, whether in terms of hardware and operating system or, ex hypothesi, biology and philosophy.

Originally this was with a mortar-and-pestle or a similarly operating stamping-mill, using copper, bronze or other non-sparking materials, until supplanted by the rotating ball mill principle with non-sparking bronze or lead.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and Geiger counters remain popular instruments for use in radiation dosimetry, health physics, experimental physics, the nuclear industry, geological exploration and other fields, due to their robust sensing element and their relatively low cost.

* Description of operating principle ( with animation ) from HowStuffWorks

All five major petrol station chains in the country operated a scheme during the late 1990s-Esso had " Tiger Miles " ( with Tesco ClubCard points offered as an alternative ), Maxol had " Points Plus ", both of which operated on the principle of getting items from a gift catalogue, with Shell using Dunnes ' scheme, Texaco using the SuperQuinn system, and Statoil operating a cash-back system, " Premium Club ".

This aspect of electromagnetic induction is the operating principle behind many electric generators: for example, a rotating bar magnet creates a changing magnetic field, which in turn generates an electric field in a nearby wire.

In computer science and numerical computation, pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm.

The postfix reverse Polish notation is used in many stack-based programming languages like PostScript and Forth, and is the operating principle of certain calculators, notably from Hewlett-Packard.

Voltmeters operating on the electrostatic principle use the mutual repulsion between two charged plates to deflect a pointer attached to a spring.

It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields.

The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine.

Its political activity is based on the principle that gun ownership is a civil liberty protected by the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights, and it calls itself the oldest continuously operating civil rights organization in the United States.

In the years of 1831 – 1832, Michael Faraday discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators.

Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century ( and then repeatedly every 20 years or so ) there has been a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and universal suffrage as a political principle.

Exokernels can be seen as an application of the end-to-end principle to operating systems, in that they do not force an application program to layer its abstractions on top of other abstractions that were designed with different requirements in mind.

The operating principle is similar to that of a calorimeter in thermodynamics.

At all times, the institution ( in all its forms ) has heavily emphasized as a key operating principle the strong need to cater to and address the needs of local nations, communities and peoples, so that those nations, communities and peoples can take ownership of future, long term conservation goals and objectives in their local areas:

While farming remained the principle occupation, trading vessels began operating out of the sheltered harbor during the colonial period.

The basic operating principle of TRANSIT is similar to the system used by emergency locator transmitters, except their transmitter is on the ground and the receiver is in orbit.

It was one of the very first operating systems in which the principle of virtual addressing and a segregated address space for the programs of different users was systematically introduced.

Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently (" in parallel ").

In 1925 and 1926, Harry Ricardo wrote a series of seminal papers at the RAE claiming that the poppet valve system was already operating at its peak capability, and that any future engines would have to use sleeve valves instead.

The pipeline, which is a conductor, and is insulated from the earth by its protective coating, can develop voltages which are hazardous to personnel operating valves or otherwise contacting the pipeline.

Computer animation of a camshaft operating valves

The liquid aluminium is taken out with the help of a siphon operating with a vacuum, in order to avoid having to use extremely high temperature valves and pumps.

In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves.

There is a single overhead camshaft operating two valves per cylinder.

Exhaust valves can be automatic, operating as pressure relief valves, or manual, where the diver must actuate the valve to vent.

Being an opposed-piston design with no inlet or exhaust valves, and no ability to vary the port positions, the Deltic design arranged each crankshaft to connect two adjacent pistons operating in different cylinders in the same plane, using ' fork and blade ' connecting rods, the latter an ' inlet ' piston used to open and close the inlet port, and the former an ' exhaust ' piston in the adjacent cylinder to open and close the exhaust port.

Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps ; there are usually 3 pumps: the two main pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure ( up to 5000 psi ) for the rams, swing motor, track motors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure ( 700 psi ) pump for Pilot Control, this circuit used for the control of the spool valves, this allows for a reduced effort required when operating the controls.

First offered in 1947 as an aftermarket product, these heads converted the Ford flathead to overhead valves operating in a hemispherical chamber.

Power valves typically operate at higher voltages and lower currents than transistors-although solid state operating voltages have steadily increased with modern device technologies.

The hydraulic pressure controlled by these valves drives the various clutch and brake band actuators, thereby controlling the operation of the planetary gearset to select the optimum gear ratio for the current operating conditions.

The rocker arms operating the intake and exhaust valves have two modes: valve-lift mode or idle mode.

The engine was a cast iron V8 with single overhead camshafts operating sodium-filled valves ( as are found in piston-driven aircraft ) against hardened valve seats on each aluminium alloy cylinder head.

When an engine is operating, the main valves are fully open.

The propellant feed system consists of separate fuel and oxidizer turbopumps ( the bearings of which were lubricated by the fluid being pumped because the extremely low operating temperature of the engine precluded use of lubricants or other fluids ), several valves ( including the main fuel valve, main oxidizer valve, propellant utilization valve & fuel and oxidizer bleed valves ), fuel and oxidizer flowmeters, and interconnecting lines.

The valves allowed propellant to circulate in the propellant feed system lines to achieve proper operating temperature prior to engine start, and were engine controlled.

When the engine is operating below 6000-7000 rpm ( dependent on year, car, and ECU installed ), the lower lobe is operating the rocker arm and thus the valves, and the slipper-follower is freewheeling next to the rocker arm.

The latter just changes which cam is operating one of the two valves.

Pole 1 ( Kontiskan 1 ) was originally built in 1965, using mercury arc valves and was able to transmit an up to 250 megawatts ( MW ) of power with an operating voltage of 250 kV.

This pole uses thyristor valves in its static inverters and can transfer at an operating voltage of 280 kV with a maximum power of 370 megawatts.

At that time, Bipole I used the world's highest operating voltage to deliver the largest amount of power from a remote site to a city, and employed the largest mercury arc valves ever developed for such an application.