Engines of similar ( or even identical ) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion ; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines.

Fig. 1 During Steady-state ( chemical engineering ) | steady, continuous operation, an energy balance applied to an open system equates shaft work performed by the system to heat added plus net enthalpy added

In such mesoscopic heat engines, work per cycle of operation fluctuates due to thermal noise.

The amount of energy in the reservoir of nuclear fuel is frequently expressed in terms of " full-power days ," which is the number of 24-hour periods ( days ) a reactor is scheduled for operation at full power output for the generation of heat energy.

Engineers at the company's research lab carried out a systematic comparison of various power sources and determined that the almost forgotten Stirling engine would be most suitable, citing its quiet operation ( both audibly and in terms of radio interference ) and ability to run on a variety of heat sources ( common lamp oil – " cheap and available everywhere " – was favoured ).

The 60 and 66 MHz 0. 8 µm versions of the P5 Pentium processors also had ( for the time ) high heat production due to their 5V operation, and were often known colloquially as " coffee warmers " or some similar nickname.

They present a higher resistance initially which prevents large currents from flowing at turn-on, and then heat up and become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow during normal operation.

At first observation, the day after the operation, the back of Head's hand and the dorsal surface of his thumb were seen to be " completely insensitive to stimulation with cotton wool, to pricking with a pin, and to all degrees of heat and cold.

Heat pumps are used to provide heating because less high-grade ( i. e., low-entropy ) energy is required for their operation, than appears in the released heat.

Ground source heat pumps are simpler and more reliable than air source heat pumps-they do not need fan systems or defrosting systems and can be housed inside-but the need for a ground heat exchanger requires a higher initial capital cost in exchange for lower annual running costs as well-designed ground source heat pump systems enjoy a more efficient operation.

The COP for a heat pump in a heating or cooling application, with steady-state operation, is:

Solid core coil design result in a more efficient transfer of electrical energy into a magnetic field, with a substantially reduced amount of energy dissipated as heat, and so can be operated under more aggressive duty cycles often mandated in therapeutic protocols, without treatment interruption due to heat accumulation, or the use of an accessory method of cooling the coil during operation.

In frequently operated tunnels ( typical metro operation ) the extra heat from rubber tyres is a widespread problem, necessitating ventilation of the tunnels.

They had shown that geology was driven by the operation of internal heat and erosion.

With the heat generated by this mixture he hoped to drive a small steam engine, which could also be powered with coal during surface operation.

The energy the shadow mask absorbs from the electron gun in normal operation causes it to heat up and expand, which leads to blurred or discolored images ( see doming ).

* Increasing the operation frequency of a component will usually increase its thermal output in a linear fashion, while an increase in voltage usually causes heat to increase quadratically.

It carried 10 experiments to study formation of metal alloys in microgravity, the operation of heat pipes, instruments for remote sensing observations, and a mass spectrometer to identify various gases in the payload bay.

The Stirling engine is noted for its high efficiency compared to steam engines, quiet operation, and the ease with which it can use almost any heat source.

As a consequence of closed cycle operation, the heat driving a Stirling engine must be transmitted from a heat source to the working fluid by heat exchangers and finally to a heat sink.

In compensation, it improves the low speed operation of the engine, as the longer intake stroke through smaller valve ( s ) results in greater turbulence and mixing of the intake charge.

The ion propulsion engine initially failed after 4. 5 minutes of operation.

In the case of sound levels, engine operation is of greatest impact with respect to mobile sources such as automobiles and trucks.

Whether the rule base has 10 rules or 10 000, the engine operation is the same.

During steady-state operation of a device ( see turbine, pump, and engine ), the average dU / dt may be set equal to zero.

Animation of two-stroke engine in operation, with a tuned pipe exhaust

This battery is recharged during operation using an electricity-generating device such as an alternator or generator driven by the engine.

The thermodynamic limits assume that the engine is operating under ideal conditions: a frictionless world, ideal gases, perfect insulators, and operation for infinite time.

Exceptionally, where operating facilities exist for push-pull operation, the train engine may be attached to the rear of the train ;

* In common with many other complex mechanical devices, Charles Babbage's analytical engine used banks of cams to control each operation, i. e. it had a read-only control store.

Pumps may be operated in many ways, including manual operation, electricity, an engine of some type, or wind action.

Balzer's rotary engine was later converted to static radial operation by Langley's assistant, Charles M. Manly, creating the notable Manly-Balzer engine.

The access plans and other implementation and operation details are handled by the DBMS engine, and are not reflected in the logical model.

Schematic diagram showing the operation of a turboprop engine

Flow past a turboprop engine in operation

In petrol engines, instead, vacuum is obtained as a side-effect of the operation of the engine and the flow restriction created by the throttle plate.

They are often to be seen in operation at live steam festivals and traction engine rallies such as the Great Dorset Steam Fair in England, and the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion in northwest Minnesota.

For open throttle operation a richer mixture will produce more power, prevent pre-ignition detonation, and keep the engine cooler.

This provides the rich mixture required to sustain operation at low engine temperatures.

The valve itself becomes worn on its sides by its motion in its " seat " and will eventually try to close at an angle, and thus fails to shut off the fuel completely ; again, this will cause excessive fuel flow and poor engine operation.

In late March, 2010, it officially discontinued its China-based search engine while keeping its uncensored Hong Kong site in operation.

Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle drill presses that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head milling machine that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture.