Managers and batters study opposing pitcher performance and motions in attempting to improve hitting.

* L — Loss: number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win

Earned runs stem from the theory that the pitcher has sole responsibility to earn strikes against opposing batter ( s ) until at least three batters are retired in each inning of play, and nine innings ( a complete game ) are pitched.

::" An official perfect game occurs when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game, which consists of at least nine innings.

A perfect game is defined by Major League Baseball as a game in which a pitcher ( or combination of pitchers ) pitches a victory that lasts a minimum of nine innings and in which no opposing player reaches base.

Thus, the pitcher ( or pitchers ) cannot allow any hits, walks, hit batsmen, or any opposing player to reach base safely for any other reason: in short, " 27 up, 27 down ".

There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner, but, by the current definition, is not credited with a perfect game, either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound, or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base:

The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone, who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee.

A pitcher is credited with starting the game if he faces the first opposing batter.

If a player is listed in the starting lineup as the team's pitcher, but is replaced before facing an opposing batter, the player is credited with a game pitched but not a game started ; there have been instances in major league history in which a starting pitcher was removed before his first pitch due to an injury, perhaps suffered while batting or running the bases during the top half of the first inning.

If a pitcher allows a run which gives the opposing team the lead, his team comes back to lead or tie the game, and then the opposing team regains the lead against a subsequent pitcher, the earlier pitcher does not get the loss.

In Major League Baseball, a shutout ( denoted statistically as ShO or SHO ) refers to the act by which a single pitcher pitches a complete game and does not allow the opposing team to score a run.

If two or more pitchers combine to complete this act, no pitcher will be awarded a shutout, although the team itself can be said to have " shut out " the opposing team.

A pitcher who prevents the opposing team from achieving a hit is said to have " thrown a no-hitter ".

On June 11, 1950, Spahn and pitcher Bob Rush of the Cubs each stole a base against each other ; no opposing pitchers again stole a base in the same game until May 3, 2004, when Jason Marquis and Greg Maddux repeated the feat.

In a September 27, 1992 game against the Texas Rangers, with Ryan the opposing starting pitcher, Johnson struck out 18 batters in eight innings while throwing 160 pitches, a pitch count that has not been reached in an MLB game since.

Most curveballs break away from batters hitting from the same side as the opposing pitcher.

A knowledgeable catcher's ability to work with the pitcher, via pitch selection and location, can diminish the effectiveness of the opposing team's offense.

Bob Marley unites 2 opposing political leaders at this concert, bringing peace to the civil war-ridden streets of the city.

On Tuesday June 8, 2010 Branstad won the Republican gubernatorial nomination in Iowa, but when opposing candidate Bob Vander Plaats conceded, he did not endorse Branstad.

One of the few opposing centers to have any success against Mikan was Bob Kurland, a seven footer from Oklahoma A & M.

The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty.

") at opposing coach Bob Knight.

It marked the first time since June 11, 1950, when Warren Spahn of the Braves and Bob Rush of the Cubs pulled it off, that opposing pitchers stole a base in the same game.

Notre Dame linebacker Bob Crable climbed up onto the back of opposing center George Lilja and was able to block the kick, preserving a 12 – 10 Irish victory.

He often asked teammates and members of other teams, including fellow black pitchers Bob Gibson and Juan Marichal, for advice on how to pitch opposing batters.

The section behind the opposing team dugout is known as " Rowdy Alley " where Billy Bob and the Rowdys deliver family-friendly, good-natured heckles to the opposing team players and coaches as well to the umpires when they make bad calls.

Billy Bob and Rowdy Alley are carryovers from Watt Powell Park and they have been razzing the opposing team since the early Charleston Alley Cats days.

A night doesn't go by without hearing what can only be described as a Billy Bob Cackle when an opposing player strikes out.

In 1975, they beat the St. Louis Cardinals in the divisional round of the 1975-76 NFL playoffs, amassing a mighty 237 yards on the ground, as Mack overwhelmed the opposing defensive right tackle, Bob Rowe, but lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC championship game.

In an exhibition game against the Cowboys, opposing QB Don Meredith completed a square-out to " Bullet " Bob Hayes, a former Olympic speedster.

This is normally done when the opposing team has no timeouts and there is little time left in the game, as it allows a team to burn up the remaining time on the clock without risking a turnover or injury.

Civil disobedience, in a properly functioning democracy, allows a minority who feel strongly that a law infringes their sense of justice ( but have no capacity to obtain legislative amendments or a referendum on the issue ) to make a potentially apathetic or uninformed majority take account of the intensity of opposing views.

Coupling of two deflections in opposing directions with a small intermediate gap allows for the formation of a shift in the beam path, this being used in TEM for beam shifting, subsequently this is extremely important to STEM.

The program allows teens opportunities to: Examine and research current issues ; Practice written and oral communication ; Interact with others to gain self-confidence and new perspectives ; Learn to form and express your opinions ; Handle opposing views in a positive manner ; Be exposed to possible career options ; Gain experience that you can include in your resumes ; Make lasting friendships.

The opposing party may also file its own summary-judgment motion ( called a " cross-motion "), if deadline still allows.

* Whirlwind-Released in October 2001, the 2nd Mage Knight expansion introduced the Shyft, a faction that allows the Mage Spawn ( monster ) faction to use formations and new figures with special abilities such as ' venom ' and ' ram ', which allows the infliction of automatic damage if one moved into contact with an opposing figure.

The circuit is nearly identical, but the document discusses how the circuit allows different currents through matched transistors ( rather than a single current through different transistors ) can set up the same voltages with opposing temperature coefficients.

Although opposing to all tenets of the classical school, Black allows his King's Knight to be driven about the board in the early stages of the game, in the expectation of provoking a weakness in White's centre pawns.

The game allows the player to build a school of gladiators and take them into battle against opposing schools in a quest for fame and glory.

In contrast to the circle formation in breakdancing, the Apache line allows multiple opposing dancers or crews to face each other and execute their burns.

For example, Vermont State Law also allows passing across the double yellow line when no traffic is on the opposing side, however, one must pass quickly and return to the proper side.

Mikel's height and great strength, allied to good ball control and an unusually wide range of passing, allows him not only to disrupt opposing attacks, but also to spread the play effectively.

A quizzer who interrupts the quizmaster ( the question reader ) must first complete the essence of the question and then give the answer ; a quizzer who fails to do both correctly is not only penalized with a deduction of half the point value, but allows the opposing team a shot at the same question.

A bomb is useful defensively because even if it is fielded by the opposition, it is still useful in giving the kicking team ample time to get as close as possible to the player with the ball which allows the kicking team to prevent the opposing team from making too much ground towards their in goal area.