With the source of light behind the copy, there is no loss of lumen output, as with conventional boards illuminated by means of reflected light.

Finally, information is retrieved from the dictionary as required by stages of the translation process -- the grammatical description for sentence-structure determination, equivalent-choice information for semantic analysis, and target-language equivalents for output construction.

For the same reason, the output fiber plate is planoconcave, its exposed flat side permitting contact photography if a permanent record is desired.

Hence, the Af factor for the output fiber coupler is Af.

It is obvious that such an influence can only be expected in the final stage of an image intensifier at rather high output levels.

The restrained gyro-stabilized platform with reasonable response characteristics operates with an approximate equation of motion, neglecting transient effects, as follows: Af where U is a torque applied about the output axis of the controlling gyro.

This is normally termed the gyro input axis, 90-degrees away from the gyro output or **yj axis.

Thus if the gyro and platform-controller combination maintains the platform with zero angular deviation about the **yf axis, the system can be rotated with an angular velocity Af if a torque is supplied to the gyro output axis Aj.

It is assumed that the gyros are designed with electrical torquers so that a torque can be applied about their output axes.

In the system shown in Fig. 7-1, the accelerometer output is amplified and the resulting voltage is applied to the gyro output-axis torquer.

As the accelerometer output is decreasing, the torque applied to the gyro output axis decreases and, therefore, the rate decreases.

Finally, when the accelerometer output is zero, the entire system remains stationary, and the platform is, by definition, leveled.

The equation relating input acceleration to output platform angle is Af.

When the system is on automatic leveling, the gyro drift is canceled by the output of the leveling system ( amplifier Af ).

Paradoxically, the sales rise is due in large measure to Government efforts to slash farm output.

Total farm output for this year is officially forecast at 129% of the 1947-49 average, three points higher than the July 1 estimate and exactly equal to the final figure for 1960.

`` The planet is very low in radiation from mineral deposits, and the atmosphere seems to shield out most of the solar output.

Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source, written to an output device, and / or stored for further processing.

In computer systems, an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended " target " computer ( s ), in order for the target machines to produce output from given input ( perhaps null ).

This also implies that its running time is at least proportional to its output, and so is also extremely huge.

This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side.

If the magnetic field is applied by a solenoid, the sensor output is proportional to the product of the current through the solenoid and the sensor voltage.

Another technology used in joystick design is the use of strain gauges to build force transducers from which the output is proportional to the force applied rather than physical deflection.

A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output.

In equilibrium these prices must equal the respective marginal costs MC < sub > 1 </ sub > and MC < sub > 2 </ sub >; remember that marginal cost equals factor ' price ' divided by factor marginal productivity ( because increasing the production of good by one very small unit through an increase of the employment of factor j requires increasing the factor employment by 1 / MP < sub > ji </ sub > and thus increasing the cost by w < sub > j </ sub >/ MP < sub > ji </ sub >, and through the condition of cost minimization that marginal products must be proportional to factor ' prices ' it can be shown that the cost increase is the same if the output increase is obtained by optimally varying all factors ).

Similarly, the intensity of the output on TV and computer display devices is not directly proportional to the R, G, and B applied electric signals ( or file data values which drive them through Digital-to-Analog Converters ).

Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities.

Such a triplet has the property that its output voltage is proportional to the input voltage raised to an adjustable power.

However the light output is reported as proportional to, and the luminous efficacy proportional to.

That is, the change from one filter output to the next is proportional to the difference between the previous output and the next input.

If the filter response changes linearly with frequency, the final analog output will be proportional to the input frequency, as desired.

Below the plateau the voltage is not high enough to cause complete discharge ; a limited Townsend avalanche is the result, and the tube acts as a proportional counter, where the output pulse size depends on the initial ionization created by the radiation.

Since the output voltage is proportional to the number of turns, generators could be easily designed to produce any desired voltage by varying the number of turns.

Often, the current in the output coil is integrated, yielding an output analog voltage, proportional to the magnetic field.

The variable capacitor or resistor produces an error signal voltage proportional to the output position which is then compared with the position commanded by the input pulse and the motor is driven until a match is obtained.

In mathematics, a nonlinear system is one that does not satisfy the superposition principle, or one whose output is not directly proportional to its input ; a linear system fulfills these conditions.

* Textform, a text-processing program developed at the University of Alberta's Computing Centre to support device independent output to a wide range of devices from line printers, to the Xerox 9700 page printers, to advanced phototypesetting equipment using fixed width and proportional fonts.

The output signal will have an intensity proportional to the product of the amplitudes of the input signals.

The steady state output of the Wimshurst machine is a direct ( non-alternating ) current that is proportional to the area covered by the metal sector, the rotation speed, and a complicated function of the initial charge distribution.

Thermopiles do not measure the absolute temperature, but generate an output voltage proportional to a temperature difference.

A block cipher consists of two paired algorithms, one for encryption, E, and the other for decryption, D. Both algorithms accept two inputs: an input block of size n bits and a key of size k bits ; and both yield an n-bit output block.

The output shaft of the gearbox is permanently connected to the final drive, then the wheels, and so both always rotate together, at a fixed speed ratio.

* A " finite impulse response " ( FIR ) filter uses only the input signals, while an " infinite impulse response " filter ( IIR ) uses both the input signal and previous samples of the output signal.

That is, the inverse transform is the same as the forward transform with the real and imaginary parts swapped for both input and output, up to a normalization ( Duhamel et al., 1988 ).

A point inside the curve ( as at A ), is feasible but represents production inefficiency ( wasteful use of inputs ), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.

If the two input signals are both sinusoids of specified frequencies f < sub > 1 </ sub > and f < sub > 2 </ sub >, then the output of the mixer will contain two new sinsoids that have the sum f < sub > 1 </ sub > + f < sub > 2 </ sub > frequency and the difference frequency absolute value | f < sub > 1 </ sub >-f < sub > 2 </ sub >|.

* Class-A designs are simpler than other classes ; for example class-AB and-B designs require two devices ( push – pull output ) to handle both halves of the waveform ; class A can use a single device single-ended.

The exact choice of quiescent current, the standing current through both devices when there is no signal, makes a large difference to the level of distortion ( and to the risk of thermal runaway, that may damage the devices ); often the bias voltage applied to set this quiescent current has to be adjusted with the temperature of the output transistors ( for example in the circuit at the beginning of the article the diodes would be mounted physically close to the output transistors, and chosen to have a matched temperature coefficient ).

" In both its specific and general forms, the ELIZA effect is notable for occurring even when users of the system are aware of the determinate nature of output produced by the system.

Nonetheless, a limited amount of output from the model has been publicly released through both the ECMWF and various sites.

Fax ( short for facsimile ), sometimes called telecopying, is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material ( both text and images ), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.

Conversely, in functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling a function f twice with the same value for an argument x will produce the same result f ( x ) both times.

Recuperating at Swarthmoor, he began dictating what would be published after his death as his journal and devoted his time to his written output: letters, both public and private, as well as books and essays.

* Levcopoulos and Petersson describe a variation of heapsort based on a Cartesian tree that does not add an element to the heap until smaller values on both sides of it have already been included in the sorted output.

I / O addressing could also sometimes employ the fact that the processor would output the same 8-bit port address to both the lower and the higher address byte ( i. e. IN 05h would put the address 0505h on the 16-bit address bus ).

In a data stream, both text and control ( or formatting functions ) are interspersed allowing an entire screen to be " painted " as a single output operation.

Brahms's point of view looked both backward and forward ; his output was often bold in its exploration of harmony and rhythm.

Response to his output as a whole has been more divided, and Adams's works have been described as both brilliant and boring in reviews that stretch across both ends of the rating spectrum.

The resonator typically consists of two mirrors between which a coherent beam of light travels in both directions, reflecting back on itself so that an average photon will pass through the gain medium repeatedly before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption.

However, a turbine's power output and efficiency both drop dramatically with rotational speed, unlike a piston engine, which has a comparatively flat power curve.

The Spanish example, in which high levels of mobilisation and swift improvements to production were implemented by anarchists, is often cited as an example of an anarchist-communist society which saw rapid improvements to both industrial and scientific output.

This can be accomplished by using a generator that generates both black burst and video-resolved word clock, or by synchronizing the master digital device to video, and synchronizing all subsequent devices to the word clock output of the master digital device ( and to LTC ).