The high cost of land and a few operational problems resulting from excessive loadings have created the need for a wastewater treatment system with the operational characteristics of the oxidation pond but with the ability to treat more organic matter per unit volume.

Recent studies by Weston and Stack had indicated that a turbine aerator could be added to an oxidation pond to increase the rate of oxygen transfer.

For the initial development an oxidation pond was constructed as shown in Figure 1.

In the summer of 1960 the oxidation pond became completely septic and emitted obnoxious odors.

The anaerobic conditions in the existing oxidation pond necessitated examination of other methods for supplying additional oxygen than by sodium nitrate.

Grab samples were collected from the existing oxidation pond to determine its operating conditions.

It seems that the aerated lagoon was a very heavily loaded oxidation pond or a lightly loaded activated sludge system.

It was found that the aerated lagoon was an activated sludge system rather than an oxidation pond.

During this study septic conditions developed in the oxidation pond in the spring when the ice melted.

The location of the oxidation pond in a high-value residential area makes odor nuisances a sensitive problem for the developer.

The daily sewage volume to the oxidation pond averaged 147,000 gpd, giving a retention period of 42 days.

An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and / or treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.

Research at Fayette, Missouri on oxidation ponds has shown that the BOD in the treated effluent varied from 30 to 53 mg/l with loadings from 8 to 120 lb.

It has only been generated by oxidation of stibine ( SbH < sub > 3 </ sub >) at − 90 ° C.

Although cadmium usually has an oxidation state of + 2, it also exists in the + 1 state.

CVD oxide invariably has lower quality than thermal oxide, but thermal oxidation can only be used in the earliest stages of IC manufacturing.

In this case, one has to use the hydroboration – oxidation reaction, where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom.

An atom or ion that gives up an electron to another atom or ion has its oxidation state increase, and the recipient of the negatively charged electron has its oxidation state decrease.

Iron, in contrast, has an oxide that forms in air and water, called rust, that does not stop the further oxidation of the iron.

* X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests iron has an oxidation state of approximately 3. 2

In redox reactions one reactant, the oxidant, lowers its oxidation state and another reactant, the reductant, has its oxidation state increased.

Researchers have shown that mendelevium has a moderately stable dipositive ( II ) oxidation state in addition to the more characteristic ( for actinide elements ) tripositive ( III ) oxidation state, the latter being the more dominantly exhibited state in an aqueous solution ( chromatography being the process used ).

The latter is readily distinguishable by its strong magnetism, which occurs as it has iron in two oxidation states ( Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup > Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >< sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub >), which makes it a multiple oxide instead of a single oxide.

The most common oxidation state of nickel is + 2, but compounds of Ni < sup > 0 </ sup >, Ni < sup >+</ sup >, and Ni < sup > 3 +</ sup > are well known, and Ni < sup > 4 +</ sup > has been demonstrated.

This element has four ionic oxidation states while in solution:

Due both to its antioxidant activity and its common use to season lamb in Indian cuisine, it has been studied as an additive to radiation-processed lamb meat, and was found effective in delaying oxidation of fats and reducing formation of harmful substances, which can be detected using thiobarbituric acid as a reagent.

In its aqueous chemistry, seaborgium has been shown to resemble its lighter homologues molybdenum and tungsten, forming a stable + 6 oxidation state.

The thin gold layer facilitates good solderability of nickel as it protects the nickel from oxidation ; the layer has to be thin enough to rapidly and completely dissolve so bare nickel is exposed to the solder.

It has been proposed that rise of free oxygen that occurred during the Great Oxygenation Event removed methane in the atmosphere through oxidation.

Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, + 2 and the slightly more stable + 4.

# Any pure element ( even if it forms diatomic molecules like chlorine, Cl < sub > 2 </ sub >) has an oxidation state ( OS ) of zero.

They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation.

: One area on the surface of the metal acts as the anode, which is where the oxidation ( corrosion ) occurs.

However, it tarnishes quickly in moist air, forming a loosely adhering gadolinium ( III ) oxide ( Gd < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >), which spalls off, exposing more surface to oxidation.

Oxide films can also be grown by the technique of thermal oxidation, in which the ( typically silicon ) wafer is exposed to oxygen and / or steam, to grow a thin surface layer of silicon dioxide.

Even then, nickel is reactive enough with oxygen so that native nickel is rarely found on Earth's surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel – iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space.

* Prevents oxidation on the surface of polished steel and iron

A rusted ( and dirt-encrusted ) bolt ; note the surface pitting and gradual shape-deformation, caused by severe oxidation

Grinding a spice greatly increases its surface area and so increases the rates of oxidation and evaporation.

An alternative method of vapor-phase oxidation of SiH4 on the template surface was found to preserve delicate structural features of the microstructure.

Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper.

The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface.

The activators can undergo change of valence ( usually oxidation ), the crystal lattice degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of efficiency or buildup of a layer absorbing either the exciting or the radiated energy, etc.

Processed taconite pellets with reddish surface oxidation as used in the steelmaking industry, with a Quarter ( United States coin ) | US Quarter ( diameter: 24 mm ( 0. 96 in )) shown for scale

Passivation refers to the spontaneous formation of an ultrathin film of corrosion products known as passive film, on the metal's surface that act as a barrier to further oxidation.

Pure aluminium naturally forms a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide on contact with oxygen in the atmosphere through a process called oxidation, which creates a physical barrier to corrosion or further oxidation in most environments.

Ferrous materials, including steel, may be somewhat protected by promoting oxidation (" rust ") and then converting the oxidation to a metalophosphate by using phosphoric acid and further protected by surface coating.

As corrosion takes place, oxidation and reduction reactions occur and electrochemical cells are formed on the surface of the metal so that some areas will become anodic ( oxidation ) and some cathodic ( reduction ).

This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection.

The Beagle 2 lander objectives were to characterize the landing site geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and oxidation state, the physical properties of the atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian meteorology and climatology, and search for possible signatures of life.

The brown external appearance is due to oxidation of its surface.

As the brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in oxygen-containing atmosphere.