The individual could have been a Roman citizen ( status civitatis ) unlike foreigners, or he could have been free ( status libertatis ) unlike slaves, or he could have had a certain position in a Roman family ( status familiae ) either as the head of the family ( pater familias ), or some lower member.

By the earliest days of the Republic, every member of a household had at least two names — praenomen, and the genitive form of the pater familias ( head of the family ) name, which became a fixed and inherited nomen ( name ).

The praenomen, equivalent to given names today, was chosen by the parents ( often with the pater familias naming male infants after himself ).

Bronze genius depicted as pater familias ( 1st cent.

* Family relationships: Falco, a pater familias, is trying to harmonize his family life with his job.

In the autocratic / paternalistic strain of thought, traditionalists recall the role of leadership of the Roman pater familias.

Whether consciously or not, this builds on the Roman Law principle of dominium where any attack on the members of the family or the property it owned was a personal attack on the pater familias the male head of the household, sole owner of all property belonging to the household, and endowed by law with dominion over all his descendants through the male line no matter their age.

Originally, a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family.

A pater familias was the senior priest of his household.

The self-defence laws of modern legislation build on the Roman Law principle of dominium where any attack on the members of the family or the property it owned was a personal attack on the pater familias.

The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias ( plural patres familias ), was the head of a Roman family.

The pater familias was always a Roman citizen.

Roman law and tradition ( mos maiorum ) established the power of the pater familias within the community of his own extended familia.

In effect, the pater familias was expected to be a good citizen.

All members and properties of a familia were subject to the authority of a pater familias: his legal, social and religious position defined familia as a microcosm of the Roman state.

In Roman law, the potestas of the pater familias was official but distinct from that of magistrates.

Only a Roman citizen held the status of pater familias and there could only be one holder of the office within a household.

The entire familia was expected to adhere to the core principles and laws of the Twelve Tables, which the pater familias had a duty to exemplify, enjoin and if necessary enforce, so within the familia Republican law and tradition ( mos maiorum ) allowed him powers of life and death ( vitae necisque potestas ).

Augustus ' legislation on the morality of marriage co-opted the traditional potestas of the pater familias.

Its public magistrates now legally over-rode the traditional rights of the family concilium and pater familias.

The domestic responsibilities of the pater familias included his priestly duties ( sacra familiae ) to his " household gods " ( the lares and penates ) and the ancestral gods of his own gens.

As the singular, lawful head of a family derived from a gens, the pater familias embodied and expressed its genius through his pious fulfillment of ancestral obligations.

Vitelleschi abrogated all Roman rights and had the Roman senate declare him tertius pater patriae post Romulum (" the third Father of his Country since Romulus ").

This was only a relative poverty, but it proves the integrity of his father, who obviously did not profit much, if at all, from the proscription period when less scrupulous characters, most notoriously Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Curio pater, made enormous fortunes from the confiscated properties of Sulla's Marian victims.

Following the divorce and remarriage of their parents, children find themselves using the term " mother " or " father " in relation to more than one individual, and the pater or mater who is legally responsible for the child's care, and whose family name the child uses, may not be the genitor or genitrix of the child, with whom a separate parent-child relationship may be maintained through arrangements such as visitation rights or joint custody.

In Roman law, the standard of reasonable care, for example by a trustee or guardian, was that of the pater familias or the bonus pater familias (" good father of a family ").

According to ancient Roman tradition she was tried in a family court by her own husband Aulus ( the pater familias ), to be subsequently acquitted.

Dedalus is a passionate Irish nationalist and follower of Parnell, and a fine drinking companion, but proves a poor pater familias, unable to care for his large family, and is seen as an inadequate father to Stephen, who, in Ulysses, must seek out Bloom as a surrogate father figure, despite Simon's frequent presence throughout the book.

Jovan's great-grandfather, Cvijo Spasojević was pater familias of the Cvijić family.

By the Victorian era, the concept of " pater familias ", meaning the husband as head of the household and moral leader of his family, was firmly entrenched in British culture.

The supreme chief, the Župan, initially held the lands of his family ( pater familias ), evolving with the expansion of the Župas-provinces becoming part of the Serbian principalities ; headed by a knez (" duke, prince ").

The oak-leaf chaplet was voted to Augustus as " saviour " of Rome ; He was symbolic pater ( father ) of the Roman state, and though his genius was owed cult by his extended family, its offer seems to have been entirely voluntary.

The individual could be a Roman citizen ( status civitatis ), unlike foreigners ; or he could be free ( status libertatis ), unlike slaves ; or he could have a certain position in a Roman family ( status familiae ) either as head of the family ( pater familias ), or as a lower member ( filii familias ).

The pater familias had the authority in the family ( patria potestas ), and everyone was subjected to him based on adgnatio ( kinship only from father's side ).

Latin liber means " free ", or the " free one ": when coupled with " pater ", it means " The Free Father ", who personifies freedom and champions its attendant rights, as opposed to dependent servitude.

Augustus was not only Rome's princeps — he was its father ( pater patriae ) and as such was responsible for the entire Roman familia.

The principate shows a clear trend towards the erosion of individual patria potestas and the increasing intrusion of the state into the juridical and executive independence of the familia under its pater.

Similarly, assault and violent robbery involved trespass as to the pater's property ( so, for example, the rape of a slave could become the subject of compensation to the pater as having trespassed on his " property "), and breach of such laws created a vinculum juris ( an obligation of law ) that only the payment of monetary compensation ( modern " damages ") could discharge.

As social and biological concepts of parenthood are not necessarily coterminous, the terms " pater " and " genitor " have been used in anthropology to distinguish between the man who is socially recognised as father ( pater ) and the man who is believed to be the physiological parent ( genitor ); similarly the terms " mater " and " genitrix " have been used to distinguish between the woman socially recognised as mother ( mater ) and the woman believed to be the physiological parent ( genitrix ).

Over time, the absolute authority of the pater familias weakened, and rights that theoretically existed were no longer enforced or insisted upon.

Milton was to act as the archfool, the supreme wit, the lightly bantering pater, Pater Liber, who could at once trip lightly over that which deserved such treatment, or could at will annihilate the common enemies of the college gathering, and with words alone.

Since Roman times fatherhood has been determined with this famous sentence: Mater semper certa ; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant (" The of the mother is always certain ; the father is whom the marriage vows indicate ").

When he heard his grandfather talking at dinner about the lack of parental care in fish, Julian piped up with " What about the stickleback, Gran ' pater?

When invoked along with other gods, usually only he is called pater.

For example, in his ethnography of the Nuer, Evans-Pritchard notes that if a widow, following the death of her husband, chooses to live with a lover outside of her deceased husband's kin group, that lover is only considered genitor of any subsequent children the widow has, and her deceased husband continues to be considered the pater.

The name survives in Greek Zeus with a vocative form Zeu pater ; Latin Jūpiter ( from the archaic Latin Iovis pater ; Diēspiter ), Sanskrit Dyáus Pitā, and Illyrian Dei-pátrous.

Varro couples him with Terra ( Earth ) as pater and mater ( father and mother ), and says that they are " great deities " ( dei magni ) in the theology of the mysteries at Samothrace.

Greek: Burnt by Braccos: hoarseness ; Airale: sieve that is used to cleanse the grain from Aire: I choose ; Alerta: stand on Aertao: I exalt ; Arrampaggio: Harpagus robbery with violence: robbery ; Ammannati Amenenoo by: soon weakens ; Arrappato: folds from Raptiva, I patch ; Arrociliare: enveloped by Kule: vulgar or deception ; Ascimo: unfermented bread ; Atta ' ne: Tata-father from Atta: pater ; Butter: a young peasant from Boter: shepherd Cacone: deep hole by Kao: opening ; Calanca: landslide Kala-Ekalaca: drop ; Calandra: The lark from Akalantis ; Kalavroje: Scaravaggi daKarabos ; Calamastra: opener hanging on the iron stove, Karusi: haircut Keiro: I cut ; Kataratta: hatch Kata: downward '; Kotor: capers!

The form in the 1962 Roman Missal ( in Latin ) is longer and is said twice, first by the priest in the following form, then by the altar server, who replaced the words " et vobis, fratres ", " et vos, fratres " ( and you, brethren ) with " et tibi, pater " and " et te, pater " ( and you, Father ).