Four anatomic features must be present for orotracheal intubation to be straightforward: adequate mouth opening ( full range of motion of the temporomandibular joint ), sufficient pharyngeal space ( determined by examining the back of the mouth ), sufficient submandibular space ( distance between the thyroid cartilage and the chin, the space into which the tongue must be displaced in order for the larygoscopist to view the glottis ), and adequate extension of the cervical spine at the atlanto-occipital joint.

The brain then relates this initial signal, activates the pharyngeal and tracheal muscles and creates a large opening of the nasal and oral cavities, resulting in a powerful release of air and bioparticles.

Many spines cover the inner surface of the oral sucker and extend to the pharyngeal opening.

The hyoid bone is present in many mammals, it allows a wider range of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal movements by bracing these structures alongside each other in order to produce variation.

There is one row of 6 or 8 curved teeth in each jaw, arranged by length in a step-like fashion, with the front teeth being the longest ; the pharyngeal teeth are enlarged and have two or more cusps each.

In some, the pharyngeal part of the animal degenerates, and the abdomen breaks up into patches of germinal tissue, each combining parts of the epidermis, peritoneum, and digestive tract, and capable of growing into new individuals.

The thyroid then descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct.

In anatomy, Zenker's diverticulum, also pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, also pharyngeal pouch, is a diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle ( i. e. above the upper sphincter of the esophagus ).

In simple words, when there is excessive pressure within the lower pharynx, the weakest portion of the pharyngeal wall balloons out, forming a diverticulum which may reach several centimetres in diameter.

While it may be asymptomatic, Zenker diverticulum often causes clinical manifestations such as dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing ), and sense of a lump in the neck ; moreover, it may fill up with food, causing regurgitation ( reappearance of ingested food in the mouth ), cough ( as some food may be regurgitated into the airways ), halitosis ( smelly breath, as stagnant food is digested by microrganisms ), potential infection of the pharyngeal areas due to food stuck, and involuntary gurgling noises when swallowing.

( At least in the Nǁng language and Juǀʼhoan, this is associated with a difference in the placement of the rear articulation: " grave " clicks are uvular, whereas " acute " clicks are pharyngeal.

The drawing and expulsion of air ( ventilation ) is driven by muscular action ; in early tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping, whereas in reptiles, birds and mammals a more complicated musculoskeletal system is used.

It contains the pharynx, which is perforated with gill slits ( or pharyngeal slits ), the esophagus, a long intestine, and a terminal anus.

The " spatula test " is a clinical test for tetanus that involves touching the posterior pharyngeal wall with a sterile, soft-tipped instrument, and observing the effect.

There is also secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

* All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve ( CN XII ), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus, which is innervated by CN X of the pharyngeal plexus.

The thymic epithelium is the first to develop, and appears in the form of two flask-shape endodermal diverticula, which arise, one on either side, from the third branchial pouch ( pharyngeal pouch ), and extend lateralward and backward into the surrounding mesoderm and neural crest-derived mesenchyme in front of the ventral aorta.

Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess ( also referred to as the fossa of Rosenmüller ).

On the posterior wall is a prominence, best marked in childhood, produced by a mass of lymphoid tissue, which is known as the pharyngeal tonsil.

Superior to the pharyngeal tonsil, in the midline, an irregular flask-shaped depression of the mucous membrane sometimes extends up as far as the basilar process of the occipital bone ; it is known as the pharyngeal bursa.

It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible.

Prednisone, a corticosteroid, is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory to reduce symptoms of pharyngeal pain, odynophagia, or enlarged tonsils, although its use remains controversial due to the rather limited benefit and the potential of side effects.

In some definitions this is restricted to pharyngeal consonants, but in others includes some but not all velar and uvular consonants.

It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve ( cranial nerve 10 ).

The pharyngeal swallow is started by the oral phase and subsequently is co-ordinated by the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata and pons.

Once the bolus reaches the palatoglossal arch of the oropharynx, the pharyngeal phase, which is reflex and involuntary, then begins.

Receptors initiating this reflex are proprioceptive ( afferent limb of reflex is IX and efferent limb is the pharyngeal plexus-IX and X ).

The soft palate is tensed by tensor palatini ( Vc ), and then elevated by levator palatini ( pharyngeal plexus — IX, X ) to close the nasopharynx.

For example, Haeckel proposed that the pharyngeal grooves between the pharyngeal arches in the neck of the human embryo resembled gill slits of fish, thus representing an adult " fishlike " developmental stage as well as signifying a fishlike ancestor.

Priapulidae hatching morphology includes these features: light-bulb shape ; subdivided into introvert, neck and trunk ; lacking a true lorica ; without a mouth ; without pharyngeal teeth ; armed with seven or more scalids ; and with four posterior tubuli.

It then curves forward, forming an arch on the side of the neck and lying upon the stylopharyngeus and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

It starts after infection of pharyngeal tissue, and buboes in the neck region can occur.

As it ascends in the neck it gives off branches, more numerous on the left than on the right side, to the mucous membrane and muscular coat of the esophagus ; branches to the mucous membrane and muscular fibers of the trachea ; and some pharyngeal filaments to the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates.

Chordates, members of the phylum Chordata, are deuterostome animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles.

However, recent work has shown that for languages which make this distinction, all clicks have a uvular, or even pharyngeal, rear closure, and that the clicks explicitly described as uvular are in fact clusters / contours of a click plus a pulmonic or ejective component, in which the cluster / contour has two release bursts, the forward ( click ) and then the rearward ( uvular ) component.

* Pharynx, for pharyngeal anatomy

* Pharyngeal consonant, for pharyngeal sounds in phonetics

# The symbol ( a superscript voiced pharyngeal fricative or reversed glottal stop ) after the letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as in ( the pharyngealized equivalent of ).

The cells in the IPA chart for the velar and pharyngeal places of articulation are shaded.

However, in one study, 37 % of healthy people did not have a gag reflex, yet all subjects except for one still retained an intact pharyngeal sensation.

One study has shown that, when compared to non-smokers, the threshold volumes ( in other words the lowest volume at which one of these reflexes is triggered ) for both the pharyngo-upper esophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallowing is increased.

Smokeless tobacco is an etiologic agent for oral and pharyngeal cancers ( oropharyngeal cancer ).

The picture is more complicated for the philopatrically dispersed ascidians: sperm from a nearby colony ( or from a zooid of the same colony ) enter the pharyngeal siphon and fertilization takes place within the atrium.

Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1 / 9 genes ( which encode for transcription factors ) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates ; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development.

Skeletal advancement in an effort to physically increase the pharyngeal airspace is often an option for craniofacial patients with upper airway obstruction and small lower jaws ( mandibles ).

OSA is a also serious post-operative complication that seems to be most frequently associated with pharyngeal flap surgery, compared to other procedures for treatment of velopharyngeal inadequacy ( VPI ).< ref name = Sloan > In OSA, recurrent interruptions of respiration during sleep are associated with temporary airway obstruction.

Twist, a bHLH transcription factor, is required for mesenchyme differentiation of the pharyngeal arch structures.