I shall first indicate a couple of weaknesses in Fromm's analysis, then argue that, granted these weaknesses, he still has much left that is valuable, and, finally, raise the general question of a philosophical versus a sociological approach to the question of alienation.

There is still the position, based on the philosophical question of personal identity, termed open individualism, and in some ways similar to the old belief of monopsychism, that concludes that individual existence is illusory, and our consciousness continues existing after death in other conscious beings.

The question eventually became the focal point for a philosophical issue ( the theory of possible worlds ) and a theological topic on the distinction between God's absolute power ( potentia absoluta ) and His ordained power ( potentia ordinata ).

The philosophical question of whether morality is absolute or relative leads to questions about the nature of evil, with views falling into one of four opposed camps: moral absolutism, amoralism, moral relativism, and moral universalism.

Philosophical interpretations of quantum phenomena, however, are another matter: the question of how to interpret the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics has given rise to a variety of different answers from people of different philosophical persuasions ( see Interpretations of quantum mechanics ).

Although this field remains largely confined to science fiction, the possibility of intelligent extraterrestrial life makes the question of alien language a credible topic for scientific and philosophical speculation.

A very recent essay by Leone Montagnini, discussing the question of the shape of the Earth from the origins to the late Antiquity, has shown that the Fathers of the Church shared different approaches that paralleled their overall philosophical and theological visions.

* Bernard Stiegler, " Take Care " — A philosophical approach to the question of GMOs and their relation to human agricultural history.

What constitutes history is a philosophical question ( see philosophy of history ).

Indeed, the question of what is meant by a " right " is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate.

Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution.

A prominent question in metaphilosophy is that of whether or not philosophical progress occurs, and more so, whether such progress in philosophy is even possible.

The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the significance of life or existence in general.

From a sociological, cultural or philosophical perspective, the question becomes, to what extent ideologies maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing, supporting, and adapting fundamental patterns of thinking metaphorically.

Important philosophical problems derive from the epistemology of perception — how we can gain knowledge via perception-such as the question of the nature of qualia.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

Thus, property was no longer an esoteric philosophical question, but a political issue of substantial concern.

The principle of bivalence is studied in philosophical logic to address the question of which natural-language statements have a well-defined truth value.

* Oliver Herford released a parody of the Rubaiyat called " The Rubaiyat of a Persian Kitten " in 1904, which is notable for its charming illustrations of the kitten in question on his philosophical adventures.

Yet this art angers Guildenstern to the point where he strikes the Player because this theater makes it seem as if there are definite answers to all of Guildenstern's philosophical question.

The question bears on many significant philosophical, psychological, linguistic and anthropological debates.

To preserve the ship, any wood that wore out or rotted was replaced ; it was, thus, unclear to philosophers how much of the original ship actually remained, giving rise to the philosophical question whether it should be considered " the same " ship or not.

Affirm the cleanliness of the individual after the state of madness, aggressive complete madness of a world abandoned to the hands of bandits .” Formal goals, creative goals, self-expression, political goals, spiritual goals, philosophical goals, and even more perceptual or aesthetic goals have all been popular pictures of what art should be like.

From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that generates the mind.

According to some scholars, the philosophical outlook of earliest Buddhism was primarily negative, in the sense that it focused on what doctrines to reject more than on what doctrines to accept.

While some Lutherans believe in consubstantiation, others reject the concept because it substitutes what they believe to be the biblical doctrine with a philosophical construct and implies, in their view, a natural, local inclusion of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine of the eucharist .< ref > J. T.

Through analysis of this and other of Hayek's works, Block purports, " in making the case against socialism, Hayek was led into making all sort of compromises with what otherwise appeared to be his own philosophical perspective – so much so, that if a system was erected on the basis of them, it would not differ too sharply from what this author explicitly opposed.

One of the most important parts of Moore's philosophical development was his break from the idealism that dominated British philosophy ( as represented in the works of his former teachers F. H. Bradley and John McTaggart ), and his defence of what he regarded as a " common sense " form of realism.

Amidst this turmoil, René Descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called Cartesian Dualism in 1641.

William Godwin can be considered an individualist anarchist and philosophical anarchist who was influenced by the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, and developed what many consider the first expression of modern anarchist thought.

The Australian philosopher David Stove harshly criticized philosophical idealism, arguing that it rests on what he called " the worst argument in the world ".

While each of these works focuses on one particular philosophical theme, Dewey included his major themes in most of what he published.

This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.

The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love ; asking if and how love is / can be justified ; asking what the value of love is ; and what impact love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the beloved.

Finally, some of the originators of quantum theory ( notably Einstein and Schrödinger ) were unhappy with what they thought were the philosophical implications of quantum mechanics.

If one is willing to be satisfied without any good supporting reasons, then a Western philosophical approach may not be what one actually requires.

* Leo Strauss: Famously rejected modernity, mostly on the grounds of what he perceived to be modern political philosophy's excessive self-sufficiency of reason and flawed philosophical grounds for moral and political normativity.

He puts forth the view that conceptual confusions surrounding language use are at the root of most philosophical problems, contradicting or discarding much of what he argued in his earlier work, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Often, what is widely regarded as a deep philosophical problem will vanish, argues Wittgenstein, and eventually be seen as a confusion about the significance of the words that philosophers use to frame such problems and questions.

The phrase is traditionally placed in its abbreviated form at the end of a mathematical proof or philosophical argument when what was specified in the enunciation — and in the setting-out — has been exactly restated as the conclusion of the demonstration.

Steiner later spoke of this book as containing implicitly, in philosophical form, the entire content of what he later developed explicitly as anthroposophy.