In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it is more common in the world's languages than the other allophones, because it reflects the historical origin of the phoneme, or because it gives a more balanced look to a chart of the phonemic inventory.

The vowel inventory, or collection of phonemic vowels ( and the major allophones ), transcribed in IPA symbols, is:

Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over the intonation and phonemic inventory from their mother tongue into their English speech.

The following is the " core " phonemic inventory, common to virtually all varieties of Tok Pisin.

Central Rotokas is most notable for its extremely small phonemic inventory and for having perhaps the smallest modern alphabet.

The Assamese phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, ten diphthongs, and twenty-one consonants.

Ubykh, a Northwest Caucasian language, has the largest consonant inventory of all documented languages that do not use clicks, and also has the most disproportional ratio of phonemic consonants to vowels.

Characteristic of many East Asian languages is a particular syllable structure involving monosyllabic morphemes ; phonemic tone ; a fairly large inventory of consonants, including phonemic aspiration ; few or no clusters at the beginning of a syllable, other than clusters ending in a glide consonant ; and a small number of possible distinctions at the end of a syllable, including no clusters, no voice distinction and no audible release of final plosives.

For example, Old Tibetan had none of the above features except for a relatively large consonant inventory including extremely marginal and recently developed phonemic aspiration.

Old Chinese had a mid-sized consonant inventory with phonemic aspiration, but none of the other characteristics.

Although pronouns are conservative elements in a language, they are both short and utilise a reduced set of the language's phonemic inventory.

The phonemic inventory of Palauan consists of 10 consonants and 6 vowels.

Given that proviso, the phonemic inventory is basically that of Mehri ( see ).

The phonemic inventory of the consonants is written using the orthography Kopris employed in his analysis, which was based on Barbeau ’ s transcriptions.

The phonemic inventory of Mi ' kmaq is shown below.

A personal language may be invented for the purpose of having a beautiful language, for self-expression, as an exercise in understanding linguistic principles, or perhaps as an attempt to create a language with an extreme phonemic inventory or system of verbs.

Only 55 of these possibilities are attested, though it is unknown whether this is due to actual gaps in the phonemic inventory, or are simply a reflection of linguists ' poor knowledge of the language.

He he recognized that phonemic mergers and splits with dissimilar results across dialects would pose a difficult challenge for the construction of a diasystem ; he cautioned against positing a diasystem when the work of creating all the member systems ( e. g., the work of phonemicization ) was yet incomplete ; and, following the lead of, he noted that the differences in phonological inventory and etymological distribution might prove problematic in the construction of diasystems.

Note that the vowels below represent the phonetic inventory, meaning the set of all ( or most ) sounds in the language ; the phonemic inventory, those sounds which contrastively mark differences in meaning, are highlighted in the list below the vowel charts.

Ithkuil is a constructed language marked by outstanding grammatical complexity, expressed with a rich phonemic inventory or through an original, graphically structured, system of writing.

Wari ’ has two phonetic oddities: its " skewed " vowel inventory, and the voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, which is only reported from four other languages, and is only phonemic in Wari ' and two neighbouring languages.

While the phonemes can be very easily stated, no one is likely to be satisfied with the statement until phonemic occurrences can be related in some way to morphemic units, i.e. until the morphophonemics is worked out, or at least far enough that it seems reasonable to expect success.

And the more complex the morphophonemic system is in relation to the phonemic base, the less easily a phonemic system will be analysed without close attention to the morphophonemics -- at least, the less satisfying will a phonemic statement be if it cannot be related through morphophonemic rules to grammatically meaningful structures.

Similarly, the Italian verb corresponding to ' spell ( out )', compitare, is unknown to many Italians because the act of spelling itself is rarely needed: Italian spelling is highly phonemic.

It is alphabetic, with a letter or diacritic for every phonemic ( distinctive ) hand shape, orientation, motion, and position, though it lacks any representation of facial expression, and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text.

There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction, which is unusual amongst the various dialects of English, though not unknown elsewhere, such as in regional south-eastern dialects of the UK and eastern seaboard dialects in the US .< ref >

The Danish prosodic feature stød is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a phonemic function.

The Deseret alphabet ( Deseret: < big > </ big > or < big > </ big >) is a phonemic English spelling reform developed in the mid-19th century by the board of regents of the University of Deseret ( later the University of Utah ) under the direction of Brigham Young, second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Stress is phonemic and distinguishes words

Phonetic transcription ( representing each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol ) is shown with the International Phonetic Alphabet enclosed in square brackets, and phonemic transcription ( representing a small set of speech sounds that a particular language distinguishes ) is enclosed within virgules or slashes / /.

The provenance of the pronunciation with of Taoism is a gap in the English phonemic paradigm for the unvoiced unaspirated in dào ' way '.

The Chinese aspirated vs. non-aspirated phonemic contrast is almost the opposite of the English voiced vs. unvoiced contrast.

In English and other languages, " d " and " t " indicate a voiced and unvoiced distinction, which is not phonemic in Chinese.

Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example the initial letter ' h ' in words, preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word ( writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced )

The theory proposed that because this primal language had close phonemic resemblances to Turkic, all other languages can essentially be traced back to Turkic roots.

Reforms included changing the spelling by removing non-Roman letters such as ĉ and re-introducing the k / q dichotomy ; removing a couple of the more obscure phonemic contrasts ( one of which,, has been effectively removed from standard Esperanto ); ending the infinitives in-r and the plurals in-i like Italian ; eliminating adjectival agreement, and removing the need for the accusative case by setting up a fixed default word order ; reducing the amount of inherent gender in the vocabulary, providing a masculine suffix and an epicene third-person singular pronoun ; replacing the pronouns and correlatives with forms more similar to the Romance languages ; adding new roots where Esperanto uses the antonymic prefix mal -; replacing much of Esperanto's other regular derivation with separate roots, which are thought to be easier for Westerners to remember ; and replacing much of the Germanic and Slavic vocabulary with Romance forms, such as navo for English-derived ŝipo.

Zamenhof purposely created unique letters to have a phonemic script which was not too much like those of existing national languages, but critics have argued that the philosophy of one character – one sound does not justify new characters.

Middle Chinese had a structure much like many modern varieties ( especially conservative ones such as Cantonese ), with largely monosyllabic words, little or no derivational morphology, four tone-classes ( though three phonemic tones ), and a syllable structure consisting of initial consonant, glide, main vowel and final consonant, with a large number of initial consonants and a fairly small number of final consonants.

Estonian has three phonemic lengths ; however, the third length is a suprasegmental feature, which is as much tonal patterning as a length distinction.

The high and low pitches are phonemic, while vowel devoicing is governed by environmental rules, making voiceless vowels allophones of the voiced vowels.

And due to a phonemic neutralization similar to the seseo of other dialects, the Old Spanish voiced " z " and the voiceless " ç " have merged, respectively, with and — while maintaining the voicing contrast between them.

In addition, some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits.

Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets.

Outside Australia, where such a contrast occurs, it is typically phonemic with fricatives and affricates rather than stops, although some native languages of California make the distinction with stops as well, while Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops.

It is sometimes said to be related to chichi " dog ", but the i's in chichi are short while those in Chīchīmēcah are long, a phonemic distinction in Nahuatl.

Among six-month old infants, seen articulations ( i. e. the mouth movements they observe others make while talking ) actually enhance their ability to discriminate sounds, and may also contribute to infants ' ability to learn phonemic boundaries.

In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified represents, while represents.