The intensity of this radiation is spin dependent, which causes polarization of the electron beam — a process known as the Sokolov – Ternov effect.

For fluorophores in solution this means that the intensity and polarization of the emitted light is dependent on rotational diffusion.

As a consequence of this, the process is ' instantaneous '; Energy and momentum conserving in the optical field, making phase matching important ; and polarization dependent.

In general χ < sup > n </ sup > is an n + 1 order tensor representing both the polarization dependent nature of the parametric interaction as well as the symmetries ( or lack thereof ) of the nonlinear material.

This phase shift is polarization dependent and grows as the incidence angle deviates further from the critical angle toward grazing incidence.

The polarization dependent phase shift is also the reason why TE and TM guided modes have different dispersion relations.

The fraction that is reflected is described by the Fresnel equations, and is dependent upon the incoming light's polarization and angle of incidence.

The polarization dependent isolator, or Faraday isolator, is made of three parts, an input polarizer ( polarized vertically ), a Faraday rotator, and an output polarizer, called an analyser ( polarized at 45 °).

For a polarization dependent isolator, the angle between the polarizer and the analyser,, is set to 45 °.

In addition, the phase shift, and thus the change in polarization state, is usually frequency dependent, which, in combination with dichroism, often gives rise to bright colors and rainbow-like effects.

The distinguishing feature of ferroelectrics is that the spontaneous polarization can be reversed by an applied electric field ; the polarization is dependent not only on the current electric field but also on its history, yielding a hysteresis loop.

There is a similarity between an electret and the dielectric layer used in capacitors ; the difference is that dielectrics in capacitors have an induced polarization that is only transient, dependent on the potential applied on the dielectric, while dielectrics with electret properties exhibit quasi-permanent charge storage or dipole polarization in addition.

Considering the atomic arrangement is different along the ( 100 ) and ( 110 ) plane, one might think the Faraday rotation is polarization dependent.

When linearly polarized light is again introduced at one end, with the orientation of the polarization aligned with the stripe, it will, in general, emerge as linear polarized light aligned not with the stripe, but at some fixed angle to the stripe, dependent upon the length of the fiber, and the pitch and radius of the helix.

The spin polarization P is calculated from the spin dependent density of states ( DOS ) at the Fermi energy:

The orientation of the dipole is dependent on the relative polarizability of the particle and medium, in accordance with Maxwell – Wagner – Sillars polarization.

Since the direction of the force is dependent on field gradient rather than field direction, DEP will occur in AC as well as DC electric fields ; polarization ( and hence the direction of the force ) will depend on the relative polarizabilities of particle and medium.

Non-normal incidence angles also usually cause the reflection to be polarization dependent.

Thus the vacuum polarization depends on the momentum transfer, or in other words, the dielectric constant is scale dependent.

DASI made the first detection of the polarization of the CMB and the CBI provided the first E-mode polarization spectrum with compelling evidence that it is out of phase with the T-mode spectrum.

The light generated by stimulated emission is very similar to the input signal in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarization.

As the isotropic phase would not significantly affect the polarization of the light, it would appear very dark, whereas the crystal and liquid crystal phases will both polarize the light in a uniform way, leading to brightness and color gradients.

A photon created in this manner has the same phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel as the photons of the incident wave.

The notable characteristic of stimulated emission compared to everyday light sources ( which depend on spontaneous emission ) is that the emitted photons have the same frequency, phase, polarization, and direction of propagation as the incident photons.

The relative phase between the two circular polarizations,, sets the direction of the linear polarization to.

Also, if the two dipoles were fed with a 90 ° degree time-phase difference ( phase quadrature ), the polarization along zenith would be circular ... One way to obtain the 90 ° time-phase difference between the two orthogonal field components, radiated respectively by the two dipoles, is by feeding one of the two dipoles with a transmission line which is 1 / 4 wavelength longer or shorter than that of the other ", p. 80 ;

The modulation may be imposed on the phase, frequency, amplitude, or polarization of the modulated beam.

Depending on the type and orientation of the nonlinear crystal, and on the direction of the applied electric field, the phase delay can depend on the polarization direction.

An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linearly polarized waves in phase quadrature, with their polarization planes at right angles to each other.

If this wave interacts with a material at which the horizontal component ( green sinusoid ) travels at a different speed than the vertical component ( blue sinusoid ), the two components will fall out of the 90 degree phase difference ( required for circular polarization ) changing the Kerr Ellipticity.

In a vacuum, the components of the electric field propagate at the speed of light, so that the phase of the wave varies in space and time while the polarization state does not.

As the phase difference starts to appear, the polarization becomes elliptical, eventually changing to purely circular polarization ( 90 ° phase difference ), then to elliptical and eventually linear polarization ( 180 ° phase ) with an azimuth angle perpendicular to the original direction, then through circular again ( 270 ° phase ), then elliptical with the original azimuth angle, and finally back to the original linearly polarized state ( 360 ° phase ) where the cycle begins anew.

When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.

Because of dielectric polarization, positive charges are displaced toward the field and negative charges shift in the opposite direction.

By appropriate choice of the relationship between these parameters, it is possible to introduce a controlled phase shift between the two polarization components of a light wave, thereby altering its polarization.

For the extraordinary polarization the tilt also changes the refractive index to the ordinary via a factor of cos θ, so combined with the path length, the phase shift for the extraordinary light due to tilt is zero.

For a half-wave plate, the relationship between L, Δn, and λ < sub > 0 </ sub > is chosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ = π.

For a quarter-wave plate, the relationship between L, Δn, and λ < sub > 0 </ sub > is chosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ = π / 2.

There are also several quantitative protein phosphorylation methods, including fluorescence immunoassays, Microscale Thermophoresis, FRET, TRF, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence-quenching, mobility shift, bead-based detection, and cell-based formats.

The angle between the two polarization vectors is called the phase shift, or the geometric phase, or the Berry phase.

Thus the polarization undergoes parallel transport and the phase shift is given by the enclosed solid angle ( times the spin, which in case of light is 1 ).

The study of group polarization can be traced back to an unpublished 1961 Master ’ s thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called " risky shift ".

By the late 1960s, however, it had become clear that the risky shift was just one type of many attitudes that became more extreme in groups, leading Moscovici and Zavalloni to term the overall phenomenon " group polarization ".

Their hypothesis regarding group polarization was supported in that they found that deliberations produced a shift toward more severe punishment for high authoritarians but toward more lenient punishment for low authoritarians.

The term group polarization is used when discussing the attitude change on the individual level, where the term choice shift is used when discussing the attitude change of a group.

Since a linear polarization can be decomposed into the superposition of two equal-amplitude circularly polarized components of opposite handedness and different phase, the effect of a relative phase shift, induced by the Faraday effect, is to rotate the orientation of a wave's linear polarization.

Also called ' group polarization '; used to be called the ' risky shift phenomenon ', with particular reference to jury decision-making.

This was originally thought to be a tendency for groups to be riskier than their members would be alone ( the risky shift ), but later found to be a tendency for extremity in any direction based on which way the members individually tended to lean before discussion ( group polarization ).

Social scientists from many nations argue that changes in the economy, especially the shift from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy, have resulted in the polarization of the labor market.