The largest archipelagic state in the world, by area and population, is Indonesia.

Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60 % of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, such as the People's Republic of China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world, which continue to apply the death penalty ( although in India, Indonesia and in many US states it is rarely employed ).

According to the Toba catastrophe theory to which some anthropologists and archeologists subscribe, the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra island in Indonesia roughly 70, 000 years ago had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.

Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE.

As a multi-ethnic and multi-culture democratic country with majority of moderate Muslim population, Indonesia faces the challenges to deal with terrorism that linked to global militant Islamic movement.

Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, and is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ).

Java is the world's most populous and most densely populated island which is located in Indonesia and home to 60 % of its population.

Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10, 187, 595 as of November 2011, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the thirteenth most populated city in the world.

However, recent research suggests that the large size of Komodo dragons may be better understood as representative of a relict population of very large varanid lizards that once lived across Indonesia and Australia, most of which, along with other megafauna, died out after the Pleistocene.

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of percentage of population ( after Indonesia ), and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Islamic nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role.

It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia ( two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are shared between Indonesia and other countries ) and the sixth largest island in the world at 473, 481 km < sup > 2 </ sup > with a population of 50, 365, 538.

These customs ranged throughout Southeast Asia, stretching, for example, to the island of New Guinea. The agricultural technology was exploited after population pressures increased to the point that systematic intensive farming was required for mere survival, say of yams ( in Papua ) or rice ( in Indonesia ).

The effort to colonize and maintain territories scattered around the entire coast of Africa and its surrounding islands, Brazil, India and Indic territories such as in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Japan, China, Indonesia and Timor was a challenge for a population of only one million.

For example, in 1998, ethnic Chinese made up just 1 % of the population of the Philippines and 3 % of the population in Indonesia, but controlled as much as 60 % of the Philippines private economy and roughly 70 % of the Indonesian private economy.

Contrary to earlier observations, recent studies emerging from some developing countries ( India, Bangladesh and Indonesia ) have strongly suggested that dosing expectant mothers in the population in which vitamin A deficiency is common and maternal mortality is high can greatly reduce maternal mortality ratio Similarly, dosing newborn infants with 50, 000 IU ( 15 mg ) of vitamin A within 2 days of birth, can significantly reduce neonatal mortality

Though the population had been decimated from starvation, a new wave of immigrants came to the city from the former colonies in Indonesia.

Approximately 45 % of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese., Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The Minangs are one of the world's largest matrilineal societies / cultures / ethnic groups, with a population of 4 million in their home province West Sumatra in Indonesia and about 4 million elsewhere, mostly in Indonesia.

The Indonesian army is reported to have trained and supplied militias imported from Indonesia to terrorise the population.

The scene, of course, should be nine miles northwest of Centralia, Illinois, the geographical center of population according to the census.

This graph shows the proportion of world population in extreme poverty 1981 – 2008 according to the World Bank.

By 2001, the population had jumped to 206, 073, and it was 217, 988, in 48, 061 families, according to 2006 census.

The population of Ajmer city according census 2011 is 5, 42, 580 positioning Ajmer in top 100 major cities of India and 5th in Rajasthan.

The town has a population of 35, 203 according to the 2001 census and the urban area has a population of over 70, 000.

Muslims and Hindus constitute each approximately 1. 2 % of the population according to Word Religion Database 2005.

The population of the county is 130, 638 according to the 2011 census.

It is one of four counties of Northern Ireland presently to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2001 census.

The population of the county at large, which includes Dublin city, was 1, 270, 603 according to the census of 2011.

The Cimbri were annihilated, although some may have survived to return to the homeland where a population with this name was residing in northern Jutland in the 1st century AD, according to the sources quoted above.

With a population of 110, 438 as of the 2011 according to the United States Census, it is the principal municipality of the Columbia Metropolitan Area, a region of 175, 831 residents.

The Book of Numbers is named after the counting of the Israelite population ( in ) according to the house of the Fathers after the exodus from Egypt.

The city of Asmara had a population of 98, 000, of which 53, 000 were Italians according to the Italian census of 1939.

However, in the most recent years the decline has slowed down considerably and according to preliminary figures the population stabilized in 2010.

In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25 % of its population by 2025, according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.

A recent and notable case is the Russian silver fox, or domesticated silver fox, since it resulted in visible and behavioral changes, and is a case study of an animal population modeling according to human domestication needs.

Then the trend changed and the population began to decline, dropping to 4. 5 million in 2005 according to the estimates by the Georgian Department of Statistics.

Civilian population in Gibraltar according to the censuses from 1725 to 2001

The population of Greece was calculated as 10, 787, 690 in the 2011 census, according to preliminary data.

It is a machine learning technique used to optimize a population of computer programs according to a fitness landscape determined by a program's ability to perform a given computational task.

On the eve of World War II, Soviet archives indicate a combined camp and colony population upwards of 1. 6 million in 1939, according to V. P. Kozlov.

Two Pacific Ocean populations are known to exist: one of not more than 130 individuals ( according to the most recent population assessment in 2008 ) whose migratory route is presumed to be between the Sea of Okhotsk and southern Korea, and a larger one with a population between 20, 000 and 22, 000 individuals in the eastern Pacific travelling between the waters off Alaska and Baja California Sur.

In the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2010.