The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons ( except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons ).

A positively or negatively charged atom is known as an ion.

In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of physicist Ernest Rutherford, bombarded a sheet of gold foil with alpha rays — by then known to be positively charged helium atoms — and discovered that a small percentage of these particles were deflected through much larger angles than was predicted using Thomson's proposal.

Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolved in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this " plum pudding model " was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.

At pH values lower than the pKa of the α-ammonium group ( mean for the 20 common α-amino acids is about 9. 4 ), the nitrogen is predominantly protonated as a positively charged α-ammonium group.

Being relatively heavy and positively charged, alpha particles tend to have a very short mean free path, and quickly lose kinetic energy within a short distance of their source.

For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged antielectron, or positron, which is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay.

This is often incorrectly inferred from the correct fact that in all electrochemical devices negatively charged anions move towards the anode ( hence their name ) and positively charged cations move away from it.

Internally the positively charged cations are flowing away from the anode ( even though it is negative and therefore would be expected to attract them, this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal / electrolyte systems ); but, external to the cell in the circuit, electrons are being pushed out through the negative contact and thus through the circuit by the voltage potential as would be expected.

In electronic vacuum devices such as a cathode ray tube, the anode is the positively charged electron collector.

In this atmosphere lies a pair of electrodes applying a DC voltage of 250 to 1000 V to break down the argon gas into positively charged ions and electrons.

Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy.

In this model, the atom is composed of electrons ( which Thomson still called " corpuscles ", though G. J. Stoney had proposed that atoms of electricity be called electrons in 1894 ) surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons ' negative charges, like negatively charged " plums " surrounded by positively charged " pudding ".

Now, at least part of the atom was to be composed of Thomson's particulate negative corpuscles, although the rest of the positively charged part of the atom remained somewhat nebulous and ill-defined.

The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while the electron cloud consists of negatively-charged electrons which orbit the nucleus to balance out the positive charge of the protons.

A carbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion,, attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound:

Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.

This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still vibrate at equilibrium position.

Thus, covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons in which the positively charged nuclei of two or more atoms simultaneously attract the negatively charged electrons that are being shared between them.

At the anode a catalyst oxidizes the fuel, usually hydrogen, turning the fuel into a positively charged ion and a negatively charged electron.

SOFCs are unique in that negatively charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode ( negative side of the fuel cell ) to the anode ( positive side of the fuel cell ) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode, as is the case in all other types of fuel cells.

Polymers containing amide or carbonyl groups can form hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains ; the partially positively charged hydrogen atoms in N-H groups of one chain are strongly attracted to the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms in C = O groups on another.

The negatively charged oxygen atom of one water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with a positively charged hydrogen atom in the other water molecule.

Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations ( NR < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup >), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radical groups ( indicated by R ).

In the core of a star, once hydrogen burning in nuclear fusion reactions stops, it becomes a collection of positively charged ions, largely helium and carbon nuclei, floating in a sea of electrons, which have been stripped from the nuclei.

The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton.

In the muon-catalyzed fusion of most interest, a positively charged deuteron ( d ), a positively charged triton ( t ), and a muon essentially form a positively charged muonic molecular heavy hydrogen ion ( d-μ-t )< sup >+</ sup >.

The narrow pore acts to weaken the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules allowing the water to interact with the positively charged arginine, which also acts as a proton filter for the pore.

* Hydrochloric acid ( HCl ): This is in essence positively charged hydrogen atoms ( H ), or in lay-terms stomach acid, and is produced by the cells of the stomach called parietal cells.

These negatively charged anions react with the positively charged hydrogen ions ( protons ) which are being produced at the anode by the electrolysis of water to reform the original acid.

A betaine ( BEET-uh-een, bē ' tə-ēn ',-ĭn ) in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group such as a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation ( generally: onium ions ) which bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group such as a carboxylate group which may not be adjacent to the cationic site.

Cyclotron particle accelerators, linear particle accelerators, and synchroton particle acclerators can accelerate positively charged hydrogen ions until their velocity approaches the speed of light, and each individual ion has a kinetic energy range of 100 MeV to 1000 MeV or more.

Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion ( proton ), much more readily than alcohols do ( into an alkoxide ion and a proton ), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance.

For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions.

The galvanic cell uses two different metal electrodes, each in an electrolyte where the positively charged ions are the oxidized form of the electrode metal.

As the negatively charged electrons flow in one direction around this circuit, the positively charged metal ions flow in the opposite direction in the electrolyte.

In a p-channel depletion-mode device, a positive voltage from gate to body creates a depletion layer by forcing the positively charged holes away from the gate-insulator / semiconductor interface, leaving exposed a carrier-free region of immobile, negatively charged acceptor ions.

Primary among the dissolved cations ( positively charged ions ) are Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > ( calcium ), ( magnesium ), and ( potassium ); the major nutrient anions in nutrient solutions are ( nitrate ), ( sulfate ), and ( dihydrogen phosphate ).

Metallic bonding constitutes the electrostatic attractive forces between the delocalized electrons, called conduction electrons, gathered in an electron cloud, and the positively charged metal ions.

Understood as the sharing of " free " electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions ( cations ), metallic bonding is sometimes compared with that of molten salts ; however, this simplistic view holds true for very few metals.

With the advent of electrochemistry it became clear that metals generally go into solution as positively charged ions and the oxidation reactions of the metals became well understood in the electrochemical series.

The negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions created by ionizing radiation may cause damage in living tissue.

They are composed of cations ( positively charged ions ) and anions ( negative ions ) so that the product is electrically neutral ( without a net charge ).

The positively charged ions are extracted by an extraction system consisting of 2 or 3 multi-aperture grids.

The positively charged sodium ions Na < sup >+</ sup > will react towards the cathode neutralizing the negative charge of OH < sup >−</ sup > there, and the negatively charged hydroxide ions OH < sup >−</ sup > will react towards the anode neutralizing the positive charge of Na < sup >+</ sup > there.

Ultimately, the cAMP second messenger system, through several downstream mechanisms, works by modulating the opening of plasmalemmal ion channels that allow positively charged ions such as Na < sup >+</ sup > and K < sup >+</ sup > to enter or exit the cytoplasm of the cell, thereby generating or inhibiting an action potential.

Energy in corresponding opposite quantities can also be released, often in the form of photon energy, when electrons are added to positively charged ions or sometimes atoms.

This creates positively charged ions and electrons, known as ion pairs, in the fill gas.

The inward flow of sodium ions increases the concentration of positively charged cations in the cell and causes depolarization, where the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.

This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode by Coulomb's Law, where they are neutralized again.

This binding causes the opening of ion channels to allow the flow of either negatively charged chloride ions into the cell or positively charged potassium ions out of the cell.