Optic ataxia may be caused by lesions to the posterior parietal cortex.

Outputs of the posterior parietal cortex include the spinal cord, brain stem motor pathways, pre-motor and pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia and the cerebellum.

Some neurons in the posterior parietal cortex are modulated by intention.

Later research has shown similar delay-active neurons also in the posterior parietal cortex, the thalamus, the caudate, and the globus pallidus.

The activation during verbal working memory tasks can be broken down into one component reflecting maintenance, in the left posterior parietal cortex, and a component reflecting subvocal rehearsal, in the left frontal cortex ( Broca's area, known to be involved in speech production ).

The maintenance function is attributed to more posterior areas of the brain, including the parietal cortex.

Updating the attentional focus has been found to involve the transient activation in the caudal superior frontal sulcus and posterior parietal cortex.

In addition to its proximity to and association with the limbic system and the amygdala in particular, which plays a key role in emotional experience, the anterior cingulate cortex shares afferent and efferent pathways with a number of thalamic nuclei as well as the posterior cingulate and part of some parietal, frontal and supplementary motor cortex.

The parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes-all located in the posterior part of the cortex-organize sensory information into a coherent perceptual model of our environment centered on our body image.

They occur not only during placebo analgesia but after receiving the analgesic placebo ( the areas are different here, and involve the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex and inferior parietal lobule ).

* At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle, an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two parietal bones adjoin the occipital bone ( at the lambda ).

For example, frontal regions of the brain tend to be thicker than expected, while posterior and parietal regions are thinner.

* Syntelencephaly, or middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly ( MIHV ), in which the posterior frontal lobe and the parietal lobe are not properly separated, but the rostrobasal forebrain properly separates ; it is possible that this is not a variant of HPE at all, but is currently classified as such

According to neuroimaging data, PET studies on recall and recognition have consistently found increases in regional cerebral blood flow ( RCBF ) in the following six brain regions: ( 1 ) the prefrontal cortex, particularly on the right hemisphere ; ( 2 ) the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions of the medial temporal lobe ; ( 3 ) the anterior cingulate cortex ; ( 4 ) the posterior midline area that includes posterior cingulate, retrosplenial ( see retrosplenial region ), precuneus, and cuneus regions ; ( 5 ) the inferior parietal cortex, especially on the right hemisphere ; and ( 6 ) the cerebellum, particularly on the left. Hippocampus highlighted in red

The right prefrontal cortex has been related to retrieval attempt ; the medial temporal lobes to conscious recollection ; the anterior cingulate to response selection ; the posterior midline region to imagery ; the inferior parietal to awareness of space ; and the cerebellum to self-initiated retrieval. Anterior cingulate cortex

Tertiary neurons from the thalamus project via the posterior limb of the internal capsule to the inferior one-third of the primary sensory cortex ( the gustatory cortex of the parietal lobe ).

A distinct " posterior variant " form of alien hand syndrome is associated with damage to the posterolateral parietal lobe and / or occipital lobe of the brain.

Alien hand movement in the posterior variant may show a typical posture, sometimes referred to as a ' parietal hand ' or ' instinctive avoidance reaction ' ( a term introduced by neurologist Derek Denny-Brown ), in which the digits move into a highly extended position and the palmar surface is pulled back away from approaching objects.

A 2009 fMRI study looking at the temporal sequence of activation of components of a cortical network associated with voluntary movement in normal individuals demonstrated " an anterior-to-posterior temporal gradient of activity from supplemental motor area through premotor and motor cortices to the posterior parietal cortex ".

The posterior body of the corpus communicates somatosensory information between the two halves of the parietal lobe and visual center at the occipital lobe.

On both sides, the phrenic nerve runs posterior to the subclavian vein and anterior to the internal thoracic artery as it enters the thorax where it runs anterior to the root of the lung and into the pericardium between the fibrous and parietal layers.

The superior angle of the occipital bone articulates with the occipital angles of the parietal bones and, in the fetal skull, corresponds in position with the posterior fontanelle.

Apparently, a positive feedback exists between the posterior hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex.

That part of the brain is called the posterior superior temporal cortex ( pSTC ).

The planning and attention / arousal components comes from structures located in the frontal lobe, and the simultaneous and successive processes come from structures located in the posterior region of the cortex.

Wernicke ’ s Area is located posterior to the lateral sulcus, typically in the left hemisphere, between the visual, auditory, and somesthetic areas of the cerebral cortex.

Damage to the posterior portion of the left hemisphere ’ s superior and middle temporal lobe or gyrus and the temporoparietal cortex can produce a lesion to Wernicke ’ s area and may cause fluent aphasia, or Wernicke ’ s aphasia.

Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres ( cerebral cortex ) and of the cerebellum ( cerebellar cortex ), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum ( thalamus ; hypothalamus ; subthalamus, basal ganglia-putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens ; septal nuclei ), cerebellar ( deep cerebellar nuclei-dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus ), brainstem ( substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei ) and spinal grey matter ( anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn ).

The target site is the anterior cingulate cortex ; the operation disconnects the thalamic and posterior frontal regions and damages the anterior cingulate region.

Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex, and the ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay, which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex.

Cholinergic projections, in contrast, are dense even in the posterior cortical regions like the primary visual cortex.

On the other hand, the temporary reduction in hypothalamic excitability through the injection of a barbiturate into the posterior hypothalamus causes a lessening in frequency and amplitude of cortical strychnine spikes until the hypothalamic excitability is restored.

Since electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produces the effects of wakefulness while stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus induces sleep, it may be said that the reactivity of the whole organism is altered by a change in the autonomic reactivity of the hypothalamus.

This is because abstract concepts elicit greater brain activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus compared to concrete concepts when concrete concepts elicit greater activity in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus.

In comparing the skulls of carnivores and herbivores, it can be seen that the shearing force of the temporalis is somewhat more important to carnivores, which have more room on the braincase ( this is not unrelated to carnivoran intelligence ) and commonly develop a sagittal crest ( running from posterior to anterior on the skull ), providing yet additional room for temporalis attachment.

It has a convex, elliptical surface and is divided into anterior and posterior lips.

Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishing left – right asymmetry during mammalian development.

Nonetheless, in most of the literature the stated place of the click is the anterior articulation ( called the release or influx ), while the manner is ascribed to the posterior articulation ( called the accompaniment or efflux ).

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression ( by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution ), while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction ( by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history ).

Expressive aphasia ( non-fluent aphasia ), also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to, or developmental issues in the anterior regions of the brain, including ( but not limited to ) the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus or inferior frontal operculum known as Broca's area ( Brodmann area 44 and Brodmann area 45 ).

Among animals, fungi, and Choanozoa, which make up a group called the opisthokonts, there is a single posterior flagellum.

The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris.

The lesion involved in this syndrome is thought to be in the posterior thalamus on either side, or multiple areas of the right cerebral hemisphere.

* Brain: A small outgrowth of the ventral wall of the embryo brain from which the pars nervosa ( the posterior lobe ) of the pituitary gland develops is also called the infundibulum.

Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland.

However, the situation is not always so simple ; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians, there is also a shorter duct, similar to the amniote ureter, which drains the posterior ( metanephric ) parts of the kidney, and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca.

The statistical support for each branch is 100 % bootstrap percentage and 100 % posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.

Midwives are trained to handle certain more difficult deliveries, including breech births, twin births and births where the baby is in a posterior position, using non-invasive techniques.

The complexity penalty has a Bayesian interpretation as the negative log prior probability of,, in which case is the posterior probabability of.

While it is possible to define some arbitrary, ad hoc cost function, frequently a particular cost will be used, either because it has desirable properties ( such as convexity ) or because it arises naturally from a particular formulation of the problem ( e. g., in a probabilistic formulation the posterior probability of the model can be used as an inverse cost ).