A second factor which enters into the practical measurement of the instrumentally determined cutting force is the frictional resistance caused by the bottom of the knife against the substrate.

In 1745, a year after his death, the scale was reversed by Carl Linnaeus to facilitate more practical measurement.

Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure — which underlies these practical disciplines — that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems.

Thermocouples for practical measurement of temperature are junctions of specific alloys which have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage.

The practical conditions of measurement should be specified, especially the duration of the measurement.

Beyond measurement and bragging rights, such exercises do have practical bearing in some cases.

In practical conditions and measurement, the multipath time is computed by considering as last impulse the first one which allows to receive a determined amount of the total transmitted power ( scaled by the atmospheric and propagation losses ), e. g. 99 %.

Maskelyne also introduced several practical improvements, such as the measurement of time to tenths of a second ; and prevailed upon the government to replace Bird ’ s mural quadrant by a repeating circle 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) in diameter.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the most common pressure measurement device was a hydrostatic manometer, which is not practical for measuring high pressures.

People who communicate with technical drawings, ( those who design and those who are tradespeople ), may use technical standards that define practical symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, or layout conventions.

Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement.

This definition is too abstract for practical measurement, so a device known as a current balance is used to define the ampere operationally.

It is also implied that he has some degree of practical magic knowledge – instead of using a ' thaumometer ' ( a device that gives a numerical measurement of a magic field's strength ), he licks a finger and notes the colour and size of the small spark it gives off in the air ( The Last Continent ).

For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C < sub > 0 </ sub >, is sufficiently accurate.

There are, however, practical measurement problems no matter which definition is used, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.

The quantum nature of the system is simply " leaked " into the environment so that a total superposition of the wavefunction still exists, but exists — at least for all practical purposes — beyond the realm of measurement.

While is of great practical importance, being the overall measure of gas transport, the interpretation of this measurement is complicated by the fact that it does not measure any one part of a multi-step process.

Accordingly, Australia's National Water Commission considers that the measurement of virtual water has little practical value in decision making regarding the best allocation of scarce water resources.

Measuring bolt tension ( bolt stretch ) is more accurate but often torque is the only practical means of measurement.

Measurement is viewed in different ways in the many interpretations of quantum mechanics ; however, despite the considerable philosophical differences, they almost universally agree on the practical question of what results from a routine quantum-physics laboratory measurement.

Still, practical identification of the relevant money supply, including measurement, was always somewhat controversial and difficult.

That convention, which is still in practical force, treats the straits as an international shipping lane, but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea nations ( such as Greece, a traditional enemy, or Algeria ).

Network analysis have many practical applications, for example, to model and analyze traffic networks.

In American law, the word " highway " is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether major highway, freeway, turnpike, street, lane, alley, pathway, dirt track, footpaths, and trails, and navigable waterways ; however, in practical and useful meaning, a " highway " is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic.

In a practical application of his theory at Five Oaks, the neighbourhood's grid pattern was modified to prevent through traffic and create identifiable smaller enclaves while maintaining complete pedestrian freedom of movement.

" Traffic " in the corridor can be quite heavy at times, and in fact one legendary " hack " ( practical joke ) in 1985 involved placing traffic signals, lane markings, and highway-like signs along its length.

Aircraft operating under IFR should not expect separation from other traffic: however in certain uncontrolled airspace this might be provided on an ' as far as is practical ' advisory basis.

Street design, traffic design, and locations of major building entrances that make crosswalks the most logical and practical locations to cross streets are usually more effective than police enforcement in reducing the incidence of illegal or reckless pedestrian crossings.

Bringing together the scientific and practical lines, six areas of traffic and transportation psychology can be distinguished ( Schlag, 1999 ):

The practical consequence was that the railways had to turn away traffic, that could be efficiently and profitably moved by rail, whilst they were not permitted to raise prices for unprofitable traffic.

In some countries, a maneuverability test is included with the practical test, which may include driving forward and backward through a set of traffic cones in a controlled environment or driving on the open, public road.

A traffic stop is, for practical purposes, a Terry stop ;

* Ensure that, prior to the issue of an air traffic control rating, a candidate shall undergo an approved course including training in both the theoretical and practical handling of emergency situations.

Arterials are laid out as the backbone of a traffic network and should be designed to afford the highest level of service, as is practical.

As far as is practical, traffic information is given to all flights in respect of VFR flights.

Teletraffic engineers use their basic knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet.

The steep gradients which would have been required if the road had followed a direct line would not have been practical for wheeled traffic and so the Roman engineers designed the road to cross the North Downs by natural breach cut by the River Mole and to pass to the east of the high ground of Leith Hill.

The Grand Isle-Cumberland Head route is short enough to maintain an open channel, and the distance to the Rouses Point bridge makes it practical for substantial motor traffic to use the ferry, justifying the difficulty of keeping the ferry service operating.

It was the most practical way for railroads with limited capital resources, or lines with limited traffic, to operate.

Construction on sections 1 and 2 reached practical completion when the road opened to traffic on 14 December 2008.

On operational duty, despite having no powers of arrest, they were able to assist their more senior colleagues in many practical matters ( such as taking statements, directing traffic, or offering crime prevention advice ) as well as observing the work of their supervisors.