The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is also unknown, but the prevalence of Protestant iconoclasm in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if Zwingli was not the source, as Lutherans did not advocate iconoclasm.

For example, although animals infected with parasitic worms are often clearly harmed, and therefore parasitized, such infections may also reduce the prevalence and effects of autoimmune disorders in animal hosts, including humans.

A horse can have between zero and five canine teeth, also known as tusks ( tushes for the deciduous precursor ), with a clear prevalence towards male horses ( stallions and geldings ) who normally have a full set of four.

Cardiovascular malformations in Turner syndrome are also very serious, not only because of their high prevalence in that particular population but mainly because of their high lethal potential and their great implication in the increased mortality found in patients with Turner syndrome.

A 2007 systematic review concluded that treatment with HBOT showed no significant difference from that of pressurized room air, and that some children undergoing HBOT may experience adverse events such as seizures and the need for ear pressure equalization tubes ; due to poor quality of data assessment the review also concluded that estimates of the prevalence of adverse events are uncertain.

The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in western populations, due to a combination of low physical activity and high-energy diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.

As a discipline, it applies to animal eyes also, since the differences from human practice are surprisingly minor and are related mainly to differences in anatomy or prevalence, not differences in disease processes.

Researchers have compared the prevalence of eczema in people who also suffer from celiac disease to eczema prevalence in control subjects, and have found that eczema occurs about three times more frequently in celiac disease patients and about two times more frequently in relatives of celiac patients, potentially indicating a genetic link between the two conditions.

Edamame also refers to the salt-boiled dish because of its prevalence.

It has also been suggested that the prevalence of arranged marriages required other outlets for the expression of more personal occurrences of romantic love, and thus it was not in reaction to the prudery or patriarchy of the Church but to the nuptial customs of the era that courtly love arose.

This association of the Golden Eagle with Rome has also led to the adoption of similar symbols in other countries ; for instance, the adoption of the related and physically similar Bald Eagle as the national bird of the United States was inspired by the conception of the United States as a modern reincarnation of the Roman Republic, a theme that recurs in other elements as well ( including the prevalence of neoclassical architecture in American public buildings and the use of Roman terminology — such as naming the upper house of Congress the Senate — to hark back to the Roman model ).

There is also point prevalence, the prevalence of disorder at a more specific ( a month or less ) point in time.

There is also a related figure lifetime morbid risk-the theoretical prevalence at any point in life for anyone, regardless of time of assessment.

Given the ( particularly modern ) prevalence of crowd events, and the potential safety issues associated with such large gatherings of people, the topic is receiving increasing attention from agencies responsible for crowd management and also from governments.

Studies on time trends in the prevalence of bulimia nervosa have also yielded inconsistent results.

The prevalence rate of GERD in developed nations is also tightly linked with age, with adults aged 60 to 70 being the most commonly affected.

There also appears to be a higher prevalence of left-handedness and left-eye dominance.

Despite the high prevalence of English literature on medical anthropology there is an enormous quantity of medical anthropological research available in other languages, in books, or chapters of books and also in periodicals.

Some studies have suggested a higher prevalence amongst females, or that people of South Asian ethnicity are 4. 4 times as likely to suffer from keratoconus as Caucasians, and are also more likely to be affected with the condition earlier.

The economic impact of such parasites can be severe, especially where prevalence rates are high ; they may also have a severe impact on wild fish stocks.

The prevalence of web syndication is also of note to online marketers, since web surfers are becoming increasingly wary of providing personal information for marketing materials ( such as signing up for a newsletter ) and expect the ability to subscribe to a feed instead.

Other aspects of lifestyle also changed, notably, large reductions in physical activity and large increases in the prevalence of obesity.

The most frequent excuse for the prevalence of unoriginals and tested imports is increasing production expense -- producers cannot afford to take chances.

Nucleic acid, so called because of its prevalence in cellular nuclei, is the generic name of the family of biopolymers.

Another difference is that lamb and mutton dishes are more commonly available than in other Chinese restaurants, due to the greater prevalence of these meats in the cuisine of western Chinese regions.

Cross-cultural study of the prevalence of dyslexia is difficult as different scholars and different countries often use different criteria to distinguish the cases of dyslexia in the continuum between the able and delayed readers at schools.

She described this condition in 1978 Estimates of the prevalence of this rare disorder have ranged from 1: 20, 000 to 1: 40, 000 births, though the incidence may be found to be greater as the syndrome becomes better recognized and new genetic evidence is discovered.

ET is one of the most common neurological diseases, with a prevalence of approximately 4 % in persons age 40 and older and considerably higher among persons in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s.

With the prevalence of digital photography, this role is taken on by the Digital Imaging Technician.

The island of Pohnpei is genetically notable for the prevalence of the extreme form of color blindness known as maskun.

Pig Destroyer's style is sometimes referred to as " deathgrind ", because of the prevalence of death metal influences, as are Cattle Decapitation.

Father – son incest is reported less often, although it is not known whether the prevalence is less because it is under-reported by a greater margin.

The prevalence in the United States is estimated at 20 cases per 100, 000.

Because of isolation, poor road conditions, and the prevalence of banditry, overland travel to the north of Mali is regarded as especially dangerous ; flying or traveling by boat is reported to be preferable where possible.

This concept of Brahman explains the prevalence of Monism in Hinduism, because Brahman is considered to be all that exists and thus everything in the universe including the universe itself is considered a manifestation of Brahman.

The CDC recommends using one of these treatments, in this order of prevalence ( the first is known to be the most effective, the others are alternative treatments )

This is attributed to extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled in the region, with the exception of developed countries ), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age ( with 25. 9 % of women aged 30 – 34 and 33. 1 % of men and women aged 25 – 34 single ).

This is at least partly attributed to the economic strain that additional children place on the family income, and has resulted in the prevalence of illegal abortions in the country, as well as use of other forms of birth control.

The annual incidence is approximately 5 / 100, 000, with a prevalence estimated to be 115 / 100, 000.

The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82 %, and in lower limb amputees is 54 %.

Armadillo prevalence studies have been described in Louisiana, and range from a low of 1. 1 % to 28. 8 %.

The average annual temperature is 17. 95 ° C, rather low for the tropics, and this is due to its high altitude position and the prevalence of a cool south-easterly airflow.

S. stercoralis has a very low prevalence in societies where fecal contamination of soil or water is rare.

Strongyloidiasis is endemic in Africa, but the prevalence is typically low ( 1 % or less ).

In Papua New Guinea, S. stercoralis is endemic, but prevalence is low.

A study of more than 2000 people there found the prevalence of seasonal affective disorder and seasonal changes in anxiety and depression to be unexpectedly low in both sexes.

To illustrate, a long term disease that was spread widely in a community in 2002 will have a high prevalence at a given point of 2003 ( assuming it has a long duration ) but it might have a low incidence rate during 2003 ( i. e. lots of existing cases, but not many new ones in that year ).

Conversely, a disease that is easily transmitted but has a short duration might spread widely during 2002 but is likely to have a low prevalence at any given point in 2003 ( due to its short duration ) but a high incidence during 2002 ( as many people develop the disease ).

A well-known statistical problem arises when ascertaining rates for disorders and conditions with a relatively low population prevalence or base-rate.

Even assuming that lay interview diagnoses are highly accurate in terms of sensitivity and specificity and their corresponding area under the ROC curve ( that is, AUC, or area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ), a condition with a relatively low prevalence or base-rate is bound to yield high false positive rates, which exceed false negative rates ; in such a circumstance a limited positive predictive value, PPV, yields high false positive rates even in presence of a specificity which is very close to 100 %.

This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence ( because it takes a long time to cure, so the fraction of affected individuals remains high ).

In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence.

Due to the prevalence of hydrogen in interstellar gas, and its relatively low energy of ionization, many emission nebulae appear red due to the strong emissions of the Balmer series.

However, the European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as " life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them.

" The term low prevalence is later defined as generally meaning fewer than 1 in 2, 000 people.

These low levels of parasitism contrast with a much higher prevalence in some other passerine groups ; for example a study of thrushes in Russia showed that all the Fieldfares, Redwings and Song Thrushes sampled carried haematozoans, particularly Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma.

While 80 % of menstruating women have experienced at least one symptom that could be attributed to PMS, estimates of prevalence range from as low as 3 % to as high as 30 %.

The prevalence of manifest dyspareunia has been reported as low as 2 % in elderly British women, yet as high as 18 – 20 % in British and Australian studies.

Because there is great variability in both how long it takes men to ejaculate and how long both partners want sex to last, if at all, an accurate prevalence rate is hard to determine, estimates range from as low as 5 % to as high as 30 % researchers have begun to form a quantitative definition of premature ejaculation.

This unrelenting approach towards drug users, together with generous treatment opportunities have won UNODC's approval and is cited by the UN as one the main reason for Sweden's relatively low drug prevalence rates.

Respiratory irregularity, such as grunting and difficulty breathing, is another symptom associated with tardive dyskinesia, although studies have shown that the prevalence rate is relatively low.

Anti-HAV prevalence suggest that middle-income regions in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East currently have an intermediate or low level of endemicity.