The primary disadvantage of in vitro experimental studies is that it can sometimes be very challenging to extrapolate from the results of in vitro work back to the biology of the intact organism.

The primary disadvantage of languages which enforce referential transparency is that it makes the expression of operations that naturally fit a sequence-of-steps imperative programming style more awkward and less concise.

A disadvantage of the Cassegrain is that the feed horn ( s ) must have a narrower beamwidth ( higher gain ) to focus its radiation on the smaller secondary reflector, instead of the wider primary reflector as in front-fed dishes.

The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure.

The primary performance disadvantage is that the various processors and local storage areas do not have high-speed connections.

However, those states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses in the latter half of the primary season are normally at a tremendous disadvantage because the races are usually over by then.

The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water ; therefore, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after the primary disinfection process.

The primary disadvantage of a spinlock is that it wastes time while waiting to acquire the lock that might be productively spent elsewhere.

The disadvantage of this defense is that it can distract you from your primary objective and siphon resources away from where they are needed most.

The disadvantage of the mechanical system is the use of breaker points to interrupt the low-voltage high-current through the primary winding of the coil ; the points are subject to mechanical wear where they ride the cam to open and shut, as well as oxidation and burning at the contact surfaces from the constant sparking.

The primary disadvantage of many message oriented middleware systems is that they require an extra component in the architecture, the message transfer agent ( message broker ).

* The diver removes the primary demand valve from his or her mouth to inflate the buoy, and is therefore at a disadvantage in dealing with any other problems that might arise as the deco buoy goes up.

However, the primary disadvantage is that it costs significantly more than an air-cooled engine system.

The primary disadvantage of multiple stage combined cycle power plants is that the number of steam turbines, condensers and condensate systems-and perhaps the number of cooling towers and circulating water systems-increases to match the number of gas turbines.

The primary disadvantage to a round robin tournament is the time needed to complete it.

The primary and secondary teachers are particularly at a disadvantage.

As its inclusion will place the athletes who have been active before 1996 at a significant disadvantage, World Single Distance Championships are not included as a primary component of the list, though achievements in that competition are noted when applicable.

The primary disadvantage of current MCFC technology is durability.

The primary disadvantage is its inability to follow astronomical objects in the night sky as the Earth spins on its axis the way that an equatorial mount can.

The primary disadvantage of bitmap fonts is that the visual quality tends to be poor when scaled or otherwise transformed, compared to outline and stroke fonts, and providing many optimized and purpose-made sizes of the same font dramatically increases memory usage.

The primary disadvantage of a plantigrade foot is speed.

At that time, French was the only language in politics, administration, justice, the army and all education except primary, to the disadvantage of Dutch speakers.

The primary disadvantage of this circuit is that stray capacitances are much more significant than with the Dickson multiplier and account for the larger part of the losses in this circuit .< ref > Peluso et al., p. 36 </ br > Liu, p. 234 </ ref >

The primary disadvantage is that the delivery of additives in a manner that allows the additives to be readily available to subsurface microorganisms is based on the local geology of the subsurface.

It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America ( and other locales ) through the 1980s and into the 2000s.

This data goes either to three digital-to-analog converters ( DACs ) ( for analog monitors ), one per primary color, or directly to digital monitors.

Such amplifiers may be useful to convert analog signals to the digital domain but would not ordinarily be used where analog amplification is the primary purpose.

The primary advantages of luma / chroma systems such as Y ' UV, and its relatives Y ' IQ and YDbDr, are that they remain compatible with black and white analog television ( largely due to the work of Georges Valensi ).

The HD Radio system employs use of injected digital sidebands above and below the audible portion of the analog audio on the primary carrier.

Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for transmission and computer processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog originals or captured using an image sensor-equipped device such as a digital camera, tomographical instrument such as a CAT scanner, or acquiring precise dimensions from a real-world object, such as a car, using a 3D scanning device.

DTTV is transmitted on radio frequencies through terrestrial space in the same way as standard analog television, with the primary difference being the use of multiplex transmitters to allow reception of multiple channels on a single frequency range ( such as a UHF or VHF channel ) known as subchannels.

The primary advantage is the elimination of interference, and as analog channels are dropped, the ability to put 10 or more SDTV ( or two HDTV, or various other combinations ) channels in its place.

3 ( analog primary )

) This sudden signal drop was also one of the primary arguments of analog proponents against moving to digital systems.

If the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods.

Although broadcast translators are prohibited from originating their own programming, the FCC has controversially allowed translator stations to rebroadcast in standard analog FM the audio of a HD Radio channel of the primary station the translator is assigned to ( see, for instance, W237CS, which is licensed as a translator to WXMT but originates its own schedule ).

In addition to the controversial practice of converting the HD Radio-only secondary channels of a primary station into analog FM in areas where the primary station's signal can already readily be received, translators can also be used in a more traditional manner to extend the range of the full content of the primary station, including the unmodified main signal and any HD radio sub-channels, in areas where the station has poor coverage or reception, as is done at K202BD in Manti, Utah, which rebroadcasts both the analog and digital signals of KUER from Salt Lake City.

For analog video, resolution and refresh rate are the primary factors in determining the amount of bandwidth needed for the signal.

La Chalupa was used as the primary platform for the Scott Carpenter Main in the Sea Program, an underwater analog to Space Camp were, unlike Space Camp, where things are done in simulation, everything was done for real, participants performed real scientific tasks while using real saturation diving systems.

NYC-DT1 is a clone of the analog channel, NYC-DT2 is a clone of its cable only traffic and weather channel known " City Drive Live " and NYC-DT3, also being branded as NYCTV-HD, is expected to launch in May, 2009, and will be an all High-Definition version of the primary analog channel.

HD Radios receive both the primary analog station, the duplicate HD Feed, and the Multicasting feeds.