It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

In fact, some -- Anzilotti is the principle example -- went so far as to say that all international law could be traced to the single legal norm, Pacta sunt Servanda.

Furthermore, even the highly trained law clerk who was a part of Jack's total make-up could not understand how the principle could ever be codified.

This had the effect of inculcating the principle of lex orandi, lex credendi (" the law of prayer is the law of belief ") as the foundation of Anglican identity and confession.

In criminal law, Antoninus introduced the important principle that accused persons are not to be treated as guilty before trial.

The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère ’ s law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents.

Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb ’ s law of magnetic action.

In lawyer lingo, hornbook law or black letter law is a fundamental and well-accepted legal principle that does not require any further explanation, since a hornbook is a primer of basics.

For instance, Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white ( less than 25 % Black ) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

" common law ",, 8 Dec. 2008: < http :// www. wa-probate. com / Intro / Estate-Probate-Glossary. htm >, retrieved on 7 November 2009 .</ ref > on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.

However, stare decisis, the principle that similar cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that they will reach similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems.

" But while adhering to the underlying principle that some boundary is necessary, MacPherson overruled the prior common law by rendering the formerly dominant factor in the boundary, that is, the privity formality arising out of a contractual relationship between persons, totally irrelevant.

In almost all areas of the law ( even those where there is a statutory framework, such as contracts for the sale of goods, or the criminal law ), legislature-enacted statutes generally give only terse statements of general principle, and the fine boundaries and definitions exist only in the common law ( connotation 1 ).

In five of the Canadian provinces, English law was received automatically, under the principle of a settled colony inheriting English law.

In the four Atlantic provinces ( Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador ), the reception of English law was automatic, under the principle set out by Blackstone relating to settled colonies.

Upon the transfer of the colony to British control, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which imposed English common law on the colony, under the principle set out in Blackstone relating to captured colonies.

British Columbia was considered to be a settled colony and therefore received English law automatically, under the principle set out by Blackstone.

Scots common law differs in that the use of precedents is subject to the courts ' seeking to discover the principle that justifies a law rather than searching for an example as a precedent, and principles of natural justice and fairness have always played a role in Scots Law.

The Buckhurst Peerage Case established the principle that once a peer inherits the peerage, he is forever " ennobled in blood " and cannot be deprived of it ( except by Act of Parliament ).

To address the argument that the principle ( rather than the details ) of representation contained in the Article had not been, nor could have been, repealed by the Peerage Act or any other Act of Parliament, the Government submitted that the election of Scottish representative peers had not been " entrenched.

In Scotland and many countries throughout the world, particularly in mainland Europe, civil law means that judges take case law into account in a similar way, but are not obliged to do so and are required to consider the precedent in terms of principle.

The place later became the focus of the Otago Association, an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland, notable for its high-minded adoption of the principle that ordinary people, not the landowner, should choose the ministers.

He left no distinctive permanent principle of philosophy, but he left very interesting psychological analyses, and several new, just, and true expositions of philosophical systems, especially that of Locke and the philosophers of Scotland.

The CSA organised the committee that published the Claim of Right for Scotland which held that it was the Scottish people's right to choose the form of government that best suited them ( a long-established principle, first formally stated in the Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 ), and which also recommended the establishment of a convention to discuss this.

In Scotland, legal aid is in principle available for all civil actions in the Court of Session and Sheriff Court with the significant exception of actions of defamation.

In the same period, the Presbyterian John McLeod Campbell preached in Scotland that Christ died, in principle, for all ( Universal atonement ) and not only for a small group of individuals known as the elect ( Limited atonement ).

Some jurists have suggested that, following the Act of Union 1707, the principle of parliamentary sovereignty may not apply in Scotland.

Although MacDonald agreed with the principle of appointing someone familiar with the workings of the show, he first offered the job to Nathan-Turner's predecessor George Gallaccio, who after leaving Doctor Who in 1977 had already gained experience as a producer on the BBC Scotland drama The Omega Factor.

the Free Church of Scotland — not rejecting Establishment in principle, but only its

Shortly after Pearson's election as UKIP leader in 2009, the Daily Telegraph reported that he had claimed more than £ 115, 000 in Parliamentary expenses between 2001 and 2007, having designated his £ 3. 7m house in London as his principle residence for tax purposes, and his estate in Scotland as his main residence.

Arbitration by Edward I of England awarded the throne to Balliol, but when Edward subsequently attempted to conquer Scotland, Robert de Brus ' grandson and namesake took the throne as king and maintained Scottish independence ; Bruce's success led to his acceptance as rightful king and Balliol's reign was disregarded as an usurpation ; this established proximity of blood as a valid principle in the Scottish royal succession, although precedent and legislation also had a role.

While the rule is interpreted in England and Wales as being distinct from negligence and the rules of duty of care and liability applied there, the principle in Scotland was that " negligence is still the ground of liability.

In Scotland, for instance, the national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform in January 1561 setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education for the poor.

The same principle described by Matrakci Nasuh underlay the later development of the calculating rods known as Napier's bones ( Scotland, 1617 ) and Genaille – Lucas rulers ( France, late 1800s ).

The working principle of a yupana is unknown, but in 2001 an explanation of the mathematical basis of these instruments was proposed by Italian mathematician Nicolino De Pasquale.

There must be some unknown mechanism acting on these variables to give rise to the observed effects of " non-commuting quantum observables ", i. e. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Any meaningful theory of quantum gravity that makes sense and is predictive at all energy scales must have some deep principle that reduces the infinitely many unknown parameters to a finite number that can then be measured.

Since these are unknown in exact detail, cosmological models have been based on the cosmological principle, which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.

Whole language instruction was predicated on the principle that children could learn to read given ( a ) proper motivation, ( b ) access to good literature, ( c ) many reading opportunities, ( d ) focus on meaning, and ( e ) instruction to help students use meaning clues to determine the pronunciation of unknown words.

Newspaper reviewers considered it overly intellectual, overwritten, and perhaps on the principle of (" all that is unknown appears obscene "), filthy.

This principle was directly overruled in England with the rulings R v Ring and R v. Brown The example from R v Brown of an attempt to steal from an empty pocket is now a classic example of illustrating the point that impossibility is no defense to the crime of attempt when the conditions creating the impossibility are unknown to the actor.

His principle of selection is unknown ; it is only certain that while he omitted much that he should have retained, he has preserved much that would otherwise have perished.

( In many practical situations, a system's true state may be largely unknown, but a realist would insist that a physical system regardless always has, in principle, a true state of some sort — whether classical or quantum.

A scientific instrument can be any type of equipment,, apparatus or device as is specifically designed, constructed and often, through trial and error, ingeniously refined to apply utmost efficiency in the utilization of well proven physical principle, relationship or technology to facilitate or enable the pursuit, acquisition, transduction and storage of repeatable, verifiable data, usually consisting of sets numerical measurements made upon otherwise unknown, unproven quantities, properties, phenomena, materials, forces or etc., preferably as those characterized over time by an increasing degree of accuracy and precision and, typically, those initially derived as isolated or dependent variable results from, or empirical observations made during, the course of such experimental procedures as are firmly based upon the scientific method and long accepted tenants of experimental design.

The first electron synchrotron was constructed by Edwin McMillan in 1945, although the principle had already been published ( unknown to him ) in a Soviet journal by Vladimir Veksler.

The mildly psychoactive effects described in the original publication have therefore been attributed to a sedative principle or unknown other contents of the brew or, simply, to its alcohol content.

In cases where such analogies are wanting or unsatisfactory he is guided by the principle, " The unknown must be deduced from the known.

In Northwestern Utilities Ltd v London Guarantee and Accident Co Ltd, the principle was established that if a claimant knows of the unknown third party and their actions, the defendant is additionally likely to be able to deny liability.

* By birth in Italy to stateless parents, to unknown parents, or to parents who cannot transmit their nationality to their children ; this is partially consistent with the principle of jus soli.

Prudent avoidance is a precautionary principle in risk management, stating that reasonable efforts to minimise potential risks should be taken when the actual magnitude of the risks is unknown.