It essentially explores how rational investors would apply decision theory to the problem of investment.

The problem of free will is the problem of whether rational agents exercise control over their own actions and decisions.

In fact, for many fields K one does not know in general precisely which finite groups occur as Galois groups over K. This is the inverse Galois problem for a field K. ( For some fields K the inverse Galois problem is settled, such as the field of rational functions in one variable over the complex numbers.

Leibniz's Théodicée was a response to skeptical Protestant philosopher Pierre Bayle, who wrote in his work Dictionnaire Historique et Critique that, after rejecting three attempts to solve it, he saw no rational solution to the problem of evil.

According to Szasz, “ the therapeutic state swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion .” Faced with the problem of “ madness ,” Western individualism proved to be ill prepared to defend the rights of the individual: modern man has no more right to be a madman than medieval man had a right to be a heretic because if once people agree that they have identified the one true God, or Good, it brings about that they have to guard members and nonmembers of the group from the temptation to worship false gods or goods.

A rational decision is one that is not just reasoned, but is also optimal for achieving a goal or solving a problem.

Determining optimality for rational behavior requires a quantifiable formulation of the problem, and the making of several key assumptions.

An agent might be rational within its own problem area, but finding the rational decision for arbitrarily complex problems is not practically possible.

A further problem relates to the application of the rational expectations hypothesis to aggregate behavior.

It can be argued that it is difficult to apply the standard efficient market hypothesis ( efficient market theory ) to understand the stock market bubble that ended in 2000 and collapsed thereafter ; however, advocates of rational expectations say that the problem of ascertaining all the pertinent effects of the stock-market crash is a great challenge.

Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation, was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times.

The decision-maker may make rational decisions according to their own incentives ; these incentives may dictate different decisions than would be dictated by efficiency or profitability, and this is considered an incentive problem and distinct from a sunk cost problem.

Hilbert's tenth problem does not ask whether there exists an algorithm for deciding the solvability of Diophantine equations, but rather asks for the construction of such an algorithm: " to devise a process according to which it can be determined in a finite number of operations whether the equation is solvable in rational integers.

The free rider problem depends on a conception of the human being as homo economicus: purely rational and also purely selfish — extremely individualistic, considering only those benefits and costs that directly affect him or her.

It is not difficult to see that the problem before us involves the fundamental problem of a rational logic or theory of knowledge ; namely, how are we able to ascend from particular truths to more general truths.

In contrast, the " classical " Narrator has an older motorcycle which he is usually able to diagnose and repair himself through the use of rational problem solving skills.

The first problem with this is that the coefficient field for a Weil cohomology theory cannot be the rational numbers.

: The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior?

Cognitive behavioral therapy is most closely allied with the scientist – practitioner model, in which clinical practice and research is informed by a scientific perspective, clear operationalization of the problem, and an emphasis on measurement, including measuring changes in cognition and behavior and in the attainment of goals.

With Allen Newell, Simon developed a theory for the simulation of human problem solving behavior using production rules.

" Induces hypnotic state in client to increase motivation or alter behavior patterns: Consults with client to determine nature of problem.

Far less literature focused on female homosexual behavior than on male homosexuality, as medical professionals did not consider it a significant problem.

Occasionally a successor design will discontinue or alter the meaning of some instruction code ( typically because it is needed for new purposes ), affecting code compatibility to some extent ; even nearly completely compatible processors may show slightly different behavior for some instructions, but this is seldom a problem.

Languages that have constructs that allow the programmer to alter the behavior of the parser make syntax analysis an undecidable problem, and generally blur the distinction between parsing and execution.

As a solution to this problem, Diaz proposed a graphical methodology based on random samples that allow visually discerning between different types of tail behavior.

But Gould did not rule out sociobiological explanations for many aspects of animal behavior, writing: " Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve ( successfully I think ) the vexatious problem of altruism — previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior ...

Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles — principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem.

Thus, the behaviorist closes the conceptual gap between behavior and mentality which is responsible for the epistemological problem.

To simplify this problem, computer scientists have adopted Big O notation, which allows functions to be compared in a way that ensures that particular aspects of a machine's construction do not need to be considered, but rather only the asymptotic behavior as problems become large.

Also, the form of the solution of models based on the Poisson process often provides insight into the form of the solution to a queueing problem whose detailed behavior is poorly mimicked.

Those critical of Rose's behavior, including Ohio's own Hall of Fame baseball reporter Hal McCoy, have observed that " the major problem with Rose betting on baseball, particularly the Reds, is that as manager he could control games, make decisions that could enhance his chances of winning his bets, thus jeopardizing the integrity of the game.

Watts describes his research as exploring the " role that network structure plays in determining or constraining system behavior, focusing on a few broad problem areas in social science such as information contagion, financial risk management, and organizational design.

Some programs predating the 80286 were designed to take advantage of the wrap-around ( modulo ) memory addressing behavior, so the 80286 presented a problem for backward compatibility.

Thus, contrary to the suggestions of the popular media, when an adolescent experiences a very serious psychological problem, this behavior is usually not normative and is most likely a sign that something is not right.

The book South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today includes an essay in which Johnson uses Cartman's actions and behavior as examples when discussing the logical problem of moral evil, and another essay by College of Staten Island professor Mark D. White cited the season two ( 1998 ) episode " Chickenlover ", in which Cartman is temporarily granted law enforcement powers, in its discussion regarding the command theory of law and what obligates a citizen to obey the law.

In 1964, McFadden joined the faculty of UC Berkeley and focused his research in areas including choice behavior and the problem of linking economic theory and measurement.

It has been argued that case-based reasoning is not only a powerful method for computer reasoning, but also a pervasive behavior in everyday human problem solving ; or, more radically, that all reasoning is based on past cases personally experienced.

The Bohr model of the atom fixed the problem of energy loss from radiation from a ground state ( by declaring that there was no state below this ), and more importantly explained the origin of spectral lines.

Amdahl's law is a model for the relationship between the expected speedup of parallelized implementations of an algorithm relative to the serial algorithm, under the assumption that the problem size remains the same when parallelized.

An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Earlier models weren't fast enough for this to be a problem, and so it wasn't noticed until later model Spitfires like the Mk. IX started to appear.

The problem of deciding whether a set of Horn clauses is satisfiable is in P. This problem can indeed be solved by a single step of the Unit propagation, which produces the single minimal model of the set of Horn clauses ( w. r. t.

One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical.

However, despite the success of Drude's free electron model, it had one notable problem, in that it was unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the specific heat of metals, as well as the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures.

The Capability Maturity Model Integration ( CMMI ) project was formed to sort out the problem of using multiple models for software development processes, thus the CMMI model has superseded the CMM model, though the CMM model continues to be a general theoretical process capability model used in the public domain.

Others have attacked the problem from the database end, by defining an object-oriented data model for the database, and defining a database programming language that allows full programming capabilities as well as traditional query facilities.

OSI did not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical, arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.

** Filtering problem ( stochastic processes ), a mathematical model for a number of filtering problems in signal processing and the like

While this remains an unsolved problem for astronomers, it does not necessarily mean that the Lambda-CDM model is completely wrong, but rather that it requires further refinement to accurately reproduce the population of galaxies in the universe.

Although the problem is not known to be in NC, parallel algorithms with time superior to the Euclidean algorithm exist ; the best known deterministic algorithm is by Chor and Goldreich, which ( in the CRCW-PRAM model ) can solve the problem in O ( n / log n ) time with n < sup > 1 + ε </ sup > processors.

Also, most model builders simply assume supersymmetry because it solves the hierarchy problem — i. e., it stabilizes the electroweak Higgs mass against radiative corrections.

However, as a demographic model the logistic map has the pathological problem that some initial conditions and parameter values lead to negative population sizes.

This problem does not appear in the older Ricker model, which also exhibits chaotic dynamics.

To explain stellar aberration in the context of an aether-based theory of light was regarded as more problematic, because it requires that the aether be stationary even as the Earth moves through it — precisely the problem that led Newton to reject a wave model in the first place.

These pictorial methods record knowledge and model systems, and a long history in learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking, and problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists, and others.

Some of Restchitzki's results on memory and problem solving have recently been simulated by Fernand Gobet with the CHREST computer model.