The phrase " RNA World " was first used by Nobel laureate Walter Gilbert in 1986, in a commentary on recent observations of the catalytic properties of various forms of RNA.

Despite their structural simplicity and possession of properties comparable with RNA, the chemically plausible generation of " simpler " nucleic acids under prebiotic conditions has yet to be demonstrated.

The chemical properties of RNA make large RNA molecules inherently fragile, and they can easily be broken down into their constituent nucleotides through hydrolysis.

In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA.

Later, at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, Altman started the work that led to the discovery of RNase P and the enzymatic properties of the RNA subunit of that enzyme.

While at Yale, Altman's Nobel Prize work came with the analysis of the catalytic properties of the ribozyme RNase P. RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein particle consisting of both a structural RNA molecule and one ( in prokaryotes ) or more ( in eukaryotes ) proteins.

During experiments in which the complex was reconstituted in test tubes, Altman and his group discovered that the RNA component, in isolation, was sufficient for the observed catalytic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the RNA itself had catalytic properties, which was the discovery that earned him the Nobel prize.

Many sequence visualization programs also use color to display information about the properties of the individual sequence elements ; in DNA and RNA sequences, this equates to assigning each nucleotide its own color.

RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase was established in vitro by several laboratories by 1965 ; however, the RNA synthesized by these enzymes had properties that suggested the existence of an additional factor needed to terminate transcription correctly.

In 1989, Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their " discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.

Lactoferrin hydrolyzes RNA and exhibits the properties of pyrimidine-specific secretory ribonucleases.

Thomas Robert Cech ( born December 8, 1947 in Chicago ) is a chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel prize in chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA.

Gould also specifically pointed out an error in the use of the term " polyploidy "; stated that Johnson incorrectly refers to Otto Schindewolf as a saltationist, " attacks " outdated statements of Simpson and Mayr ; fails to point out that Henry Fairfield Osborn corrected his own mistake regarding Nebraska Man ; and stated that Johnson overlooks " self-organizing properties of molecules and other physical systems " that, in Gould's opinion, makes the self-assembly of RNA or DNA plausible.

The level of RNA synthesis has been shown to be affected by the cis-acting properties of certain elements on the RNA ( such as RNA1 and 2 ), which include core promoter sequences which regulate the site of initiation for the complementary RNA strand synthesis.

In TC-NER the blocked RNA polymerase serves as a damage recognition signal, replacing the need for the distortion recognition properties of the XPC-RAD23B and DDB complexes.

A spiegelmer of the same sequence has the same binding properties of the corresponding RNA aptamer, exept it binds to the mirror image of its target molecule.

The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it useful, especially as a measure of central tendency.

Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties.

Other significant properties are high specific heat ( 1925 J · kg < sup >− 1 </ sup >· K < sup >− 1 </ sup >) and thermal conductivity ( 216 W · m < sup >− 1 </ sup >· K < sup >− 1 </ sup >), which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight.

They have many properties that make them useful for treating high blood sugar, migraine headaches, bacterial and fungal infections, and gastric ulcers.

There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work:

These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures.

Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.

Furthermore, life itself was explainable in terms of the aggregate properties of all the colloidal substances that make up an organism.

The properties of ceramics make fracturing an important inspection method.

Excellent optical and mechanical properties, combined with efficient marketing, make diamond the most popular gemstone.

( While the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals is occasionally seen, such as in the game Pop-O-Matic Trouble, the ambigrammatic properties of the digits ( for instance, 6 can look like a 9 upside down ) make such dice uncommon.

Moreover, because the properties were security for his unpaid debt to the Queen in the Court of Wards, he had had to enter into a bond with the purchaser, guaranteeing that he would indemnify them if the Queen were to make a claim against the lands to collect on the debt.

Lactic acid bacteria have antagonistic properties which make them particularly useful as biopreservatives.

Similarly, critics of externalist foundationalism argue that only mental states or properties the believer is aware of could make a belief justified.

Soon Jean-Pierre Serre noticed that some properties of étale coverings mimicked those of open immersions, and that consequently it was possible to make constructions which imitated the cohomology functor H < sup > 1 </ sup >.

# Pretreatments to make the raw materials ready for the main extraction step and to remove impurities which may have negative effects on physio chemical properties of the final gelatin product,

Whale chose Frankenstein, mostly because none of Universal's other properties particularly interested him and he wanted to make something other than a war picture.

One theme in research literature is to identify what the " hard " instances of the knapsack problem look like, or viewed another way, to identify what properties of instances in practice might make them more amenable than their worst-case NP-complete behaviour suggests.

There is a large variety of knots, each with properties that make it suitable for a range of tasks.

These two properties make the calculations tractable.

These properties make salient the sometimes parasitic nature of acquired memes, and as a result individuals should be motivated to reflectively acquire memes using what he calls a " Neurathian bootstrap " process.

The properties that make this relation a congruence relation ( respecting addition, subtraction, and multiplication ) are the following.

In the cosmetics industry, its reflective and refractive properties make mica an important ingredient in blushes, eye liner, eye shadow, foundation, hair and body glitter, lipstick, lip gloss, mascara, moisturizing lotions, and nail polish.

The noble gases make a group of chemical elements with similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

In classical physics this does not make sense, since any number of properties can be measured simultaneously with arbitrary accuracy.