In the first round of the 1993 legislative elections the FN soared to 12. 7 % of the overall vote, but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system ( if the election had used proportional representation, it would have won 64 seats ).

Saccades, as well as microsaccades, can be distinguished from other eye movements ( ocular tremor, ocular drift, smooth pursuit ) using their ballistic nature: their top velocity is proportional to their length.

* The electoral area may be subdivided if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system.

* There are various types of taxes, broadly divided into two heads-direct ( which is proportional ) and indirect tax ( which is differential in nature ):

* The electoral area may be subdivided if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system.

Their interstellar nature was shown by the fact that the strength of the observed absorption was roughly proportional to the extinction, and that in objects with widely differing radial velocities the absorption bands were not affected by Doppler shifting, implying that the absorption was not occurring in or around the object concerned.

Coverage is not linearly proportional because of the random nature of the process ( chaos theory ).

The most contentious disputes revolved around the composition and election of the Senate, how " proportional representation " was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ), whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president, how to elect the president, how long his term was to be and whether he could stand for reelection, what offenses should be impeachable, the nature of a fugitive slave clause, whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade, and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive.

In his book In the Fourth Year published in 1918 he suggested how each nation of the world would elect, " upon democratic lines " by proportional representation, an electoral college in the manner of the United States of America, in turn to select its delegate to the proposed League of Nations.

Because of the implementation of " one member one vote " ( OMOV ) systems and proportional delegate elections by most parties, conventions have declined in importance.

Each member association is allocated delegates based on proportional representation of about 1 delegate per 3, 000 students.

At the convention, delegate James Madison presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with three branches with proportional representation.

The anti-McGovern group argued for a proportional distribution of the delegates, while the McGovern forces stressed that the rules for the delegate selection had been set and the Stop McGovern alliance was trying to change the rules after the game.

In the preface to the fourth edition he stated his belief that proportional representation would '... end the evils of corruption, violent discontent and restricted power of selection or voter choice '.

Lessig has called for state governments to call for a national constitutional convention, and that the convention be populated by a " random proportional selection of citizens " which he suggested would work effectively.

Under the 2008 Democratic Party selection rules, adopted in 2006, delegates are selected under proportional representation, which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15 % of a state's popular vote to receive delegates.

Additionally, Zipf's law states that, for many observed phenomena involving the selection of items from an ordered sequence, the probability that the nth item is selected is proportional to the unit fraction 1 / n.

( Supporters of party list proportional representation sometimes retort that the public often have little control over the selection of local candidates, either — if a voter's preferred party selects a poor candidate, the voter is forced to either vote for a candidate they dislike or vote for a party they dislike.

The sampling procedure is multistage, with selection of primary sampling units ( municipalities ) in a random proportional to each of the Spanish provinces and the secondary units ( households ) from telephone numbers and the last units ( individuals ) as cross-gender quotas and age.

The examination system distributed its prizes according to provincial and prefectural quotas, which meant that imperial officials were recruited from the whole country, in numbers roughly proportional to each province's population.

It meant that the number of votes gained was directly proportional to the number of seats gained by a party.

Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ), decided to test Van den Broek and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fit the Bohr theory's demand that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to a measure of the square of Z.

The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère ’ s law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents.

The air flow past the cups in any horizontal direction turned the cups in a manner that was proportional to the wind speed.

Thorpe was personally in favour of it, but the party insisted on a clear government commitment to introducing proportional representation and a change of Prime Minister.

The agreement lasted from 1977 to 1978, but proved mostly fruitless, for two reasons: the Liberals ' key demand of proportional representation was rejected by most Labour MPs, whilst the contacts between Liberal spokespersons and Labour ministers often proved detrimental, such as between finance spokesperson John Pardoe and Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey, who were mutually antagonistic.

The analogy was completed when Hawking, in 1974, showed that quantum field theory predicts that black holes should radiate like a black body with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole.

An attempt to increase majority elements by tweaking the system parameters ( more smaller districts, d ' Hondt method used ) by ČSSD and ODS during their " opposition agreement " 1998 – 2002 was vehemently opposed by smaller parties and blocked by the Constitutional Court as going too much against the constitution-stated proportional principle ; only a moderated form was adopted.

The central principle to this theory was that “ all parts of a catapult, including the weight or length of the projectile, were proportional to the size of the torsion springs ”.

Experimental measurements demonstrated that the energy of individual ejected electrons was proportional to the frequency, rather than the intensity, of the light.

Faraday concluded after several experiments on electrical current in non-spontaneous process, the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed.

The strength of the reaction could be expressed numerically as an Immunological Distance, which was in turn proportional to the number of amino acid differences between homologous proteins in different species.

The number of Bundestag Deputies was reduced from 656 to 598 beginning in 2002, although under the additional member system, more deputies may be admitted if a party wins more directly elected seats than it would be entitled to under proportional representation.

Numbers could be represented in a continuous " analog " form, for instance a voltage or some other physical property was set to be proportional to the number.

Bekenstein used this to put an upper bound on the entropy in a region of space, and the bound was proportional to the area of the region.

The friction brake was adjusted according to a rower's weight to give an accurate appraisal of boat-moving ability ( drag on a boat is proportional to weight ). Inferior copies of Harrison's machine were produced in several countries utilising a smaller flywheel and leather straps-unfortunately the leather straps were sensitive to humidity, and the relatively large braking area made results far less accurate than Harrison's machine.

Ricardo, other classical economists, and Marx began their expositions with the assumption that value in exchange was equal to or proportional to this labor value.

Classical economist David Ricardo's labor theory of value holds that the value of a good ( how much of another good or service it exchanges for in the market ) is proportional to how much labor was required to produce it, including the labor required to produce the raw materials and machinery used in the process.

In the meantime, an Interim Political Authority ( IPA ), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998 and devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that there be opposition in the National Assembly.

However, one might reasonably assume that humans, at some early era, realized that the weight of a collection of similar objects was directly proportional to the number of objects in the collection:

Support for the Nationals in the 2006 Victorian state election was considerable with the party picking up two extra seats in the Lower House to maintain its total representation of 11 sitting members ( two Upper House seats were lost, mostly due to a change from preferential to proportional representation ).

However, there was not enough evidence to show that the Nicaraguan government was imputable for this or that the US response was proportional.

According to Metcalfe, the rationale behind the sale of networking cards was that ( 1 ) the cost of the network was directly proportional to the number of cards installed, but ( 2 ) the value of the network was proportional to the square of the number of users.